Discrimination: After Reconstruction Social Studies Solutions 39

Reconstruction Ends Federal troops are withdrawn from the South Violence and Hostilities erupt from whites Black codes are wrote into law = Jim Crow Laws legalize segregation

Segregation and Race Relations

Voting Restrictions: designed to keep African Americans from voting Literacy test: tested reading ability, often consisted of hard questions, sometimes were given in a foreign language Poll tax: annual fee that must be paid in order to vote Grandfather Clause: wrote into law so that if you failed the literacy test and/or couldn’t pay the poll tax if your grandfather could vote, then you could vote, helped poor whites.

Segregation: separation based on ethnicity Black codes were used to separate blacks and whites which are eventually called Jim Crow laws. Term Jim Crow is derived from a minstrel show and means laws that segregate by race Schools, buses, church, businesses, sidewalks, water fountains, drink machines, waiting rooms, etc.

Minstrel Shows and Jim Crow minstrelsy embodied racial hatred minstrel shows were the first form of musical theatre that was 100% American-born and bred In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his strange career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas "Daddy" Rice, to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that enabled white social, legal and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community. -The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Separate but equal doctrine (can be separated as long as equal facilities are provided) Said to not violate the 14th amendment Legalizes segregation for 60 years

RACE RELATIONS Racial etiquette: informal rules and customs that governed interactions between whites and blacks. Ex) no handshaking, blacks must yield to whites, separate sidewalks, always look down when interacting with a white woman, etc. Lynching: execution without trial (tactic to cause fear used by the KKK) Ida B. Wells—3 prominent friends lynched and she became an advocate against lynching and racial injustice Northern Cities—blacks moved North in search of better jobs and to escape discrimination but they still faced challenges: segregated neighborhoods, labor unions discouraged membership, lower wages, often hired as last resort.

Booker T. Washington President of Tuskegee Institute (Vocational School) Well-known African American Work together and gradually improve conditions Economic and intellectual quality first, the rest will come Advocated vocational education Atlanta Compromise: cooperate on economic issues and be separate on social issues

W.E.B. DuBois Harvard Educated Demanded rights immediately Niagara Falls Convention: for African American Civil Rights leads to the NAACP being founded which aimed for equality among all races Felt movement should be led by well-educated African Americans

Other Discrimination Native Americans, Mexicans, and Asians Mexicans especially faced low wages and debt peonage (forced work until debt is paid = slavery essentially) Chinese— whites feared job competition which leads to segregated schools and communities, and the Chinese Exclusion Act

What practice did the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessey v What practice did the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessey v. Ferguson legalize? a. poll taxes b. racial segregation c. workplace discrimination d. debt peonage

Which of the following did NOT keep African American from voting? a. literacy tests b. poll taxes c. grandfather clause d. 15th Amendment

Which of the following is FALSE about Booker T. Washington? a. born as a slave. b. Founded Tuskegee Institute c. favored immediate equality d. stressed vocational training

Which civil rights leader was associated with advocating against lynching? Booker T Washington WEB DuBois Ida B. Wells Jim Crow

What were laws that segregated the races called? Jim Crow Segregation Lynch None of the Above

Ida B. Wells Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy. It was in Memphis where she first began to fight (literally) for racial and gender justice. In 1884 she was asked by the conductor of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Company to give up her seat on the train to a white man and ordered her into the smoking or "Jim Crow" car, which was already crowded with other passengers. Many people took the advice Wells penned in her paper and left town; other members of the Black community organized a boycott of white owned business to try to stem the terror of lynchings. Her newspaper office was destroyed as a result of the muckraking and investigative journalism she pursued after the killing of her three friends. She however continued her blistering journalistic attacks on Southern injustices, being especially active in investigating and exposing the fraudulent "reasons" given to lynch Black men, which by now had become a common occurrence. In Chicago, she helped develop numerous African American women and reform organizations, but she remained diligent in her anti-lynching crusade, writing Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. She also became a tireless worker for women's suffrage, and happened to march in the famous 1913 march for universal suffrage in Washington, D.C. Not able to tolerate injustice of any kind, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, along with Jane Addams, successfully blocked the establishment of segregated schools in Chicago.