PLS 405: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Democracy Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third Parties

2 / 14 Thus far… We have examined issues that arise during ethnic conflicts Next, we will look at how third parties attempt to resolve the issues Today: –We will discuss our research questions in class –We will examine the attempts of third parties, in general

3 / 14 Four Techniques Used Peace Making Peace Enforcing Peace Keeping Peace Building Each has a different target and a different hoped-for outcome

4 / 14 Peace Making Objectives: –Induce (or coerce) the adversaries to sign a peace accord that is in their best interests Targets: –Leaders of both sides Qualities: –Prior consent of the parties not needed –Impartial –Substantial, leveraged mediation

5 / 14 Peace Making Should not be confused with peace keeping Peacemaking: –Peace does not exist yet –The organization undertakes action designed to bring about a peace Purely politico-diplomatic activity Encouragement of both sides to come to the table and negotiate

6 / 14 Peace Enforcing Objectives: –Coerce (through violent force) the adversaries to accept and implement peace accord Targets: –Both Leaders and Soldiers Qualities: –Take sides, if needed –Use of force—heavily, if needed –Prior consent of parties not needed –The outside state takes sides in the war and cause a side to win –Requires “Boots on Ground” for the outside state

7 / 14 Peace Enforcing Tends to be overt military action on the part of the third party Does not assist the people of the state, only designed to end open hostilities –When the government is the support target, the rebels will tend to be driven underground –Tends to create: Insurgency Guerilla Warfare

8 / 14 Peace Keeping Objectives: –Stop the violence –Implement the peace accords Targets: –Soldiers (and rebel fighters) Qualities: –Prior consent of all parties necessary –Impartial –Very limited use of force, if at all Usually the RoE require only return fire, if that –Keep the sides apart

9 / 14 Peace Keeping Not to be used to halt conflict, only ensure the continued peace Keeps peace, does not create it—that is the purpose of peace making If there is no peace accord to implement, then this has no hope of success –In those cases, it has no endpoint

10 / 14 Peace Building Objectives: –Foster mutual understanding between adversaries –Reconstruction of (war-torn) societies Targets: –Masses (and rulers) Qualities: –Can be both pre- and post-conflict –Policy coordination between various agencies essential –An aim of socio-economic and political development

11 / 14 Peace Building Some activities: –Building of state’s infrastructure –Increase spending for education –Economic aid to government –Increase of trade with state Fundamental purposes: –Give the people a vested interest in peace in the state –Give the state a vested interest in joining the society of states –Give the rulers a vested interest in keeping the people happy –Give the people a sense of civic nationalism

12 / 14 Examples Peace Making: –European Union in Yugoslavia –NATO in Yugoslavia –African Union in Sudan –OAS in Haiti Peace Keeping: –NATO in Kosovo –MFO in Sinai –ECOMOG in Côte d’Ivoire –Any of the 61 UN DPKO operations

13 / 14 Examples Peace Enforcing: –ECOMOG in Liberia (1990), Guinea-Bissau (1999), Sierra Leone (1997, 1999), and Guinea– Liberia (2001) –NATO in Bosnia (1994) –NATO in Kosovo (1999) Peace Building: –USA in Afghanistan –USA in Iraq –France in Zaïre

14 / 14 Assignment Taras and Ganguly: Next: –Ethnic Resolution by the United Nations Look Ahead: –Literature Review due 12 October