Exceptional Lives, 6e ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Overview of Today’s Special Education

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter 1 Objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to: Describe students who are in special education and the professionals that work with them. Identify and define the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Articulate other federal laws that benefit students with disabilities. Explain the outcomes these laws have helped achieve for students.

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Values to Guide Teaching (Figure 1.1) Envisioning Great Expectations Enhancing Positive Contributions Building on Strengths Becoming Self-Determined Expanding Relationships Ensuring Full Citizenship

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Approximately 6 million students ages ,596 infants and toddlers or 2.2% of U.S. infants and toddlers 670,750 preschool children or 5.8% of the preschool-aged population Who Are the Students?

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Approximately 2/3 boys and 1/3 girls in special education Approximately 1.8% to 18 % of students in the gifted and talented category in different states- Overall, 6.4 % of the school population Females slightly outnumber males in gifted and talented category Profile of Special Education

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Categories of Disabilities (Figure 1–2) Students 6 to 21: 2007

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Allows students with disabilities to receive services Labels may be stigmatizing or result in discrimination View children by their abilities not disabilities Use person-first language Who Are the Students? Labeling

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Special education is a high-demand occupation Districts often have unfilled teaching positions Many different professionals work with students with disabilities: Who Are Special Education Personnel? – School social workers – Occupational therapists – Physical therapists – Recreation and therapeutic specialists – Paraprofessionals – Supervisors/administrators – Psychologists – Diagnostic/evaluation staff – Audiologists – Speech therapists – Additional specialists

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Two Types of Discrimination Previous discrimination: Exclusion Misclassification Consequences of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Overview of the Law and Special Education

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Mills v. Washington, DC, Board of Education and Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens [PARC] v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania The courts ordered school districts to: Provide a free, appropriate public education to all students with disabilities Educate students with disabilities in the same schools and basically same programs as students without disabilities Put into place procedural safeguards so that students can challenge schools that do not live up to the court’s orders. These decisions led to families advocating for a federal law to guarantee rights and Congress to act Judicial Decisions and Legislation Court Cases

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 IDEA(originally called Education of All Handicapped Students Act or PL ) was first enacted in 1975 Original intent: Open schools to all students with disabilities and ensure they had a chance to benefit from special education Current focus: Provide a free, appropriate public education to all students with disabilities Introduction to IDEA

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 The Span of Special Education IDEA provides services from birth to age 21 (historically was from ages 6 to 18) IDEA has three sections: Part A sets out Congress’s intent and national policy to provide a free appropriate public education to all students with disabilities Part B serves children ages 3 to 21 Part C serves students ages birth to 2

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Eligibility is based on need Special education services are provided wherever there are students with disabilities Classrooms Students’ homes Hospitals and institutions Other settings Special Education and Students’ Eligibility

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Related Services (Figure 1–3) Assistive Technology Audiology Counseling services Early identification Family training, counseling, and home visits Health services Medical services Occupational therapy Orientation and mobility services Parent counseling and training Physical therapy Psychological services Recreation and therapeutic recreation Rehabilitative counseling services School health services Service coordination services Social work services in schools Speech pathology and speech-language pathology Transportation and related costs Vision Services

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Students’ Eligibility Part B 12 disability categories under which students may be served Part C benefits children under age 3 who: Need early intervention services because of developmental delays Have a diagnosed physical or mental condition that has a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay States have the option of serving at-risk children

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 IDEA Disability Categories Specific learning disabilities Emotional disturbance Mental retardation Multiple disabilities Deaf-blindness Autism Other health impairments Orthopedic impairments Traumatic brain injury Speech or language impairments Hearing impairments Visual impairments You will learn about these categories in Chapters 5 through 16.

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Six Principles Zero reject Nondiscriminatory evaluation Appropriate education Least restrictive environment Procedural due process Parental and student participation

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Ensures all children and youth (3 - 21), no matter how severe their disabilities, will have an appropriate education provided at public expense Applies to: Educability Discipline Zero Reject

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Discipline Equal treatment No cessation Unique circumstances Short-term removals Manifestation determination Response to no manifestation Response to manifestation Services in interim alternative educational setting Weapons, drugs, and injury

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Does the student have a disability? What kind of special education and related services does the student require? Assessment Requirements Screening Prereferral Response to intervention Referral Nondiscriminatory evaluation Nondiscriminatory Evaluation: Two Purposes

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Individualized education for each student with a disability Developed collaboratively by the same people involved in the evaluation Outcome oriented (include goals/objectives) Provide the foundation for the student’s appropriate education Appropriate Education: IEP/IFSPs

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 IEPs Document for students 3–21 Need to be in effect at the beginning of the school year Reviewed and revised at least once a year Document for children ages 0–2 Describes the services both the child and family will receive Should be developed within 45 days of referral and reviewed at 6-month intervals and every year thereafter Appropriate Education IFSPs

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 IEP Team IEP Participants Conference Activities Parents General educator Special educator School system representative Evaluation interpreter Others Student Prepare in advance Connect and get started Review formal evaluation and current levels of performance Share resources, priorities, and concerns Share visions and expectations Consider interactions of proposed students goals, placement and services Translate student priorities into written goals Determine placement, supplementary aids/services, and related services Address assessment modifications and special factors Conclude the conference

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 Education with students who do not have disabilities For early childhood, IDEA favors the “natural environment” The rule: A presumption of inclusion Access to the general education curriculum Setting aside the presumption The continuum of services Extracurricular and nonacademic inclusion Least Restrictive Environment

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25 Makes schools and parents accountable to each other Resolution session Mediation Not required by IDEA but strongly encouraged Due process hearing Similar to a regular courtroom trial Conducted before an impartial hearing officer Parents and schools are entitled to have lawyers present Procedural Due Process

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26 Parent and Student Participation Parents are members of teams Parents receive notification before schools do anything about their child’s education Parents have the right to use the three dispute-resolution techniques Parents have access to school records concerning student At age of majority IDEA rights transfer to the student

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27 Relationship Among 6 Principles (Figure 1–7) IDEA

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28 Congress grants federal money to state and local educational agencies The federal money is insufficient to provide all services States and local school districts must provide their own funds Special education services are expensive Federal Funding of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29 Six Principles of No Child Left Behind Accountability for results School safety Parental choice Teacher quality Scientifically-based methods of teaching Local flexibility Also Aligned with IDEA because it seeks improved outcomes for students with disabilities

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30 Other Federal Laws: Entitlements and Antidiscrimination Rehabilitation Act Allows people to seek vocational rehabilitation services so they may work Provides services such as supported employment programs and job coaches Tech Act Allows states to create statewide systems for delivering assistive technology devices and support to people with disabilities

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31 Section 504 Applies to any program or activity receiving federal funds Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Applies to other programs or activities available to the public that do NOT receive federal funds Other Federal Laws: Entitlements and Antidiscrimination

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today ’ s Schools, 6e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32 Equality of opportunity Full participation Independent living Economic self-sufficiency Measured by: High school completion rates Post school employment rates Overall satisfaction with life Special Education Results