1 Lesson 9 World War I: End of the War, Seeds of the Next

2 Lesson Objectives Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in Understand the role the US played in the fighting in Europe. Be able to describe the operations of the US military in Europe in the years immediately following the armistice. Be able to discuss the major provisions of the Versailles Treaty and how this document sowed the seeds for World War II.

3 Phases of World War I Maneuver and Frustration Search for New Solutions Attrition Desperation and Anticipation Dénouement

4 Review of the War August 3, 1914Germany invades Belgium; war begins “Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted Sept 5-10, 1914 October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front 1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli) 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun

5 Review of the War Battle of Verdun (German Offensive) Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive) Jul - Nov 1916 Late 1916Germany realizes it cannot win Adopts strategy to wear down Britain strong defense stormtrooper tactics unrestricted submarine warfare

6 Review of the War Battle of Verdun (German Offensive) Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive) Jul - Nov 1916 German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917 Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917 US declares war on Germany 6 April 1917 Zimmerman Telegram revealed 24 Feb 1917

7 Video  The Yanks Are Coming! 8:07

8 The Commanders Marshal Ferdinand Foch Enlisted for the Franco-Prussian War (1870) Commissioned from École Polytechnique 1873 Cautioned against reckless attacks in writings Corps commander in Battle of the Frontiers 1914 Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Armies March 26,1918

9 The Commanders General of the Armies John J. Pershing West Point Class of 1886 Combat Experience Indian Wars Spanish-American War Philippine-American War Russo-Japanese War (observer) Mexican Punitive Expedition World War I Promoted by President T. Roosevelt (1905) Captain => Brigadier General Commander of the American Expeditionary Force ( )

10 The Commanders French wanted to integrate US forces into their formations Pershing insisted on US formations integrated into Allied command

11 Western Front 1917 Germans retire to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917

12 Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 Strategic Objectives Further bleed the German army British offensive Capture German submarine bases Remove German bomber threat Ghotha bomber First raid June 13, 1917

13 Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 Battlefield was reclaimed marshland - damp in dry weather Area experienced heaviest rains in decades as battle started Battlefield became a sea of mud “Flanders Fields”

14 Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 Another bloodbath Total Casualties * UKGermany 508, ,300 * Numbers very controversial Haig British commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig believed the Germans could not tolerate the losses as well as the British could

15 Western Front 1917 British breakthrough at Cambrai Nov 1917

16 Eastern Front Meanwhile, …

17 Eastern Front Huge Russian losses exacerbated social unrest Tzar at the front; Russian Revolution (1917) effectively took Russia out of the war Dec 15, Russia negotiated armistice with Central Powers Began negotiations for peace treaty one week later tzarina not able to exercise control

18 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918 Ended war between Russia & Central Powers Russia ceded large territory to Germany Most significant: One million German troops released to Western Front

19 Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Special weapons & equipment Body Armor Machinegewehr 18 MG18 Schmeiser

20 Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Bypassed strong points to attack from rear Blitzkrieg Strumtruppen

21 Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Major impact during Offensive of 1918 but … Too little, too late! A

Western Front German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918 Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (“Emperor’s Slaughter”) Spring Offensive ~ 500,000 US troops in France by March 1918 … and increasing by 300,000/month Last ditch effort by Germany

23 Western Front Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918

24 Western Front Allied offensive Aug-Nov 1918

25 Americans In Europe German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

26 Battle of Cantiny German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918 May 28, 1918

27 Battle of Cantiny German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918 May 28, 1918 First offensive action by US troops in France 28th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division (3,500 men) · Supported by French artillery, Schneider tanks US took 1,000 casualties (dead, wounded, missing)

28 Battle of Belleu Wood German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918 June 1-26, 1918

29 Battle of Belleu Wood June 1-26, nd Division 3nd Division Allied Casualties: 1,800 dead, 8,000 wounded French, British elements

30 Battle of Belleu Wood 4th U. S. Marines Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918 Frank Schoonover 2nd Division Where legends were born

31 Battle of Belleu Wood Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918

32 Battle of Château-Thierry German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918 July 16, 1918

33 Battle of Château-Thierry July 16, 1918

34 Battle of Saint-Mihiel Allied Offensive September 12-15, 1918

35 Battle of Saint-Mihiel September 12-15, 1918

36 Meuse-Argonne Offensive Allied Offensive September 26-November 11, 1918

37 Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 26-November 11, 1918

38 Americans In Europe US soldiers escort German prisoners

39 Armistice Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918

40 Armistice Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918

41 Irony French surrendered at Compiègne – June 20, 1940 Same place, same railroad car

42 Occupation of Germany Allied Occupation Zones

43 Occupation of Germany U.S. artillerymen cross the Rhine River for occupation duty Late November 1918

44 The Cost of War

45 The Cost of War US4,744,000126,000 Participants Deaths

46 The Cost of War All Nations By number of dead

47 The Cost of War All Nations By percent mobilized

Summary of War’s End "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch

49 The Cost of War Somme American Cemetery Tyne Cote Cemetery (Ypres) Belgium

50 The Cost of War Douaumont Ossuary Verdun Contains the bones of an estimated 130,000 unidentified French and German soldiers

51 Seeds of the Next War Versailles Treaty Influences on World War II Lessons of World War I Great Depression

52 Treaty of Versailles Significant territorial concessions Huge reparations Severe limitations on military German admission of responsibility for war Extremely harsh conditions

53 Treaty of Versailles Florida Holocaust Museum

54 Treaty of Versailles 269 billion gold marks ( £ 24 billion) Later reduced to 132 B gold marks ( £ 6.6 B) Equivalent to $339 B (based on CPI)* * 2013 Many feel this led to the economic collapse of the 1920’s that sewed the seeds of Fascism Reparations

55 Treaty of Versailles Military Provisions German army restricted to 100,000 men (long term contract) No conscription or training No tanks or heavy artillery Navy limited to 15,000 men 6 small battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, no U-boats No air force

56 Treaty of Versailles War Guilt Clause ``The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.'' Article 231

57 Review of the War August 3, 1914Germany invades Belgium; war begins “Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted Sept 5-10, 1914 October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front 1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli) 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun

58 Review of the War Battle of Verdun (German Offensive) Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive) Jul - Nov 1916 German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917 Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917 US declares war on Germany 6 April 1917 Zimmerman Telegram revealed 24 Feb 1917

59 Review of the War First American troops arrive in France June 1917 Germans Spring Offensive 3 Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war) 21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918 Armistice 11 Nov 1918 Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive 8 Aug - 11 Nov Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed

60 Review of World War I Start Animation Animated Maps ( 6:43 )

61 Phases of World War I Maneuver and Frustration Search for New Solutions Attrition Desperation and Anticipation Dénouement

62 What Would Weinberger Do? How would US decision to enter World War I have stood up against the test of the Weinberger Doctrine? Vital to our national interest? Clear intent to win? Clearly defined political & military objectives? Objectives, forces committed continuously reassessed? Support of the American people? Last resort? The U.S. was not directly attacked during WW I.

Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9 Review Slides

Study Notes These slides are provided to help you identify the key topics covered in the lectures. They will assist you in understanding the material but should not be your only review source. Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries. Study these preliminary slides will help you understand the context and importance of the “Buzzword” summary slides. Another valuable review source is the study guide questions for each lesson. Some of the exam questions will come from these. I wish you all the best of success!

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