1 1 Coolants Tom Birch Jim Halderman

2 Former flat-rate technician and instructor and a business owner. Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio.

3 Topics to be Discussed Engine coolants- Purpose and function Water (1/2 of the coolant) Coolant Types Cooling system testing Cooling system service

44 What is Coolant? Coolant is a mixture of: 1. Water (50%) 2. Anti-Freeze (ethylene glycol-about 93%) 3. Corrosion inhibitors (additives) Water: 50% Ethylene Glycol: 47% Additives: About 3% Coolant Need to know

55 Water Water is the principal ingredient and: 1. Is inexpensive 2. Is a very efficient heat exchange fluid 3. Has excellent thermal conductivity 4. Has a good specific heat 5. Freezes at 32°F (0°C) 6. Boils at 212°F (100°C) The water used in coolant must be clean & pure. Need to know

66 Good Water The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for water quality include: Chloride <40 ppm Sulfate <100 ppm Calcium <100 ppm Magnesium <100 ppm Total Hardness <170 ppm pH Range: 5.5—9.0 Iron <1 ppm Nice to know

77 Freeze and Boil Pure Water50/50 Anti- Freeze/Water 70/30 Anti- Freeze/Water Freezing Point 0° C (32° F)-37° C (-35° F)-55° C (-67° F) Boiling Point100° C (212° F)106° C (223° F)113° C (235° F) Need to know

8 Ethylene Glycol (EG) Ethylene glycol is the base antifreeze used in every OEM factory fill. The additive package will vary. Need to know

9 Propylene Glycol (PG) Only sold to the aftermarket Not recommended for use by vehicle manufacturers More expensive than EG, Increased cost is $/gallon Still toxic but is not as sweet as EG Need to know

10 Embittered Coolant Embittered = tastes awful Embittering agent is required (denatonium benzoate, 30 ppm) Required in California and Oregon since 2004 but not included on the label. Need to know

11 OAT=DEX-COOL is one brand Nice to know

12 HOAT=Red; Pink; Yellow or Blue Nice to know

13 Replacement Antifreeze The best choice is to follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations. OR, you can follow the recommendations of reliable antifreeze manufacturers (next slide). Need to know

14 Coolant Summary Ethylene glycol - Most ethylene glycol coolant is any color and contains about 93% ethylene glycol plus water and additives. Propylene glycol - less harmful to pets and animals because it is not sweet tasting, although it is still harmful if swallowed. Organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze coolant – This type is ethylene glycol based but it does not contain silicates or phosphates. It is usually orange. DEXCOOL is an OAT coolant. Hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) – This orange, green, red, blue or yellow coolant is an ethylene glycol based coolant similar to the OAT- type antifreeze as it uses additives (a low amount of silicate) VW/Audi pink - Most of these coolants are HOAT (ethylene glycol-based with some silicate and contain an organic acid) and are phosphate free. Asian red – This coolant is ethylene glycol-based and is silicate-free, yet contains phosphate. Mercedes and Ford yellow – This conventional ethylene glycol coolant has low amounts of silicate and no phosphates. Mercedes Lifetime – Very expensive, can be drained, filtered and reused. Korean or European blue – This conventional ethylene glycol coolant has low amounts of silicate and no phosphates. Nice to know

15 pH Tests pH can be measure using test strips or a meter. Fairly accurate and costs pennies/test. Need to know

16 Metal Corrosion This iron tube has been ruined by rust. Need to know

17 Diesel Wet Sleeve Cavitation The sleeve can vibrate during the combustion stroke producing the pressure drop, bubbles, and metal erosion. Heavy duty coolants contain supplemental coolant additives (SCA) to help prevent this. Need to know

18 Bi-Metal Corrosion Ions move from more active metals to less active metal through the coolant which acts like the electrolyte Nice to know

19 Radiator Voltage Connect the negative voltmeter lead to a good ground (this radiator has a plastic filler neck), and immerse the positive lead into the coolant. A reading of V or greater indicates corrosion is probably occurring. Need to know

20 Refractometer Image The image will show the amount of freeze protection and is read at the scale at the bottom edge of the shadow. This unit can check EG and PG antifreeze freeze protection and battery specific gravity. Shadow Read Here Need to know

21 Universal Coolant Arctic Blend Recycool Prestone Prime coolants that have been formulated to be used in any vehicle Nice to know

22 Flushing Some communities permit draining into sewer. EG and PG will biodegrade. There is a problem however if coolant is spilled on open ground. Need to know

23 Cap has two seals What will happen if the upper seal fails? What will happen if the lower seal fails? Upper Seal Filler Neck Lower Seal To CRR Need to know

24 Bleeder Valves Use a clear hose attached to the bleeder valve and the other end in a “suitable” container Prevents coolant from getting on the engine and gives the technician a visual clue as to color of coolant Need to know

25 Typical Questions/Answers 1. Are all green antifreezes the same? A. No-Chrysler used HOAT coolant that was green like IAT coolant 2. Can DEX-COOL be replaced with conventional green coolant? A. Yes, but then the coolant has be replaced every 24 months or 24,000 miles

26 Summary Not all coolants are the same Not all tap water is OK to use Premixed coolant usually produces good results Check the coolant freezing/boiling point Check the coolant pH Always check or replace the pressure cap, especially on DEX-COOL vehicles

27 Resource materials

28 Contact Information Tom Birch Jim Halderman-

29 Topics to be Discussed Engine coolants- Purpose and function Water (1/2 of the coolant) Coolant Types Cooling system testing Cooling system service

30 What is Coolant? Coolant is a mixture of: 1. Water (50%) 2. Anti-Freeze (ethylene glycol-about 93%) 3. Corrosion inhibitors (additives) Water: 50% Ethylene Glycol: 47% Additives: About 3% Coolant Need to know

31 Water Water is the principal ingredient and: 1. Is inexpensive 2. Is a very efficient heat exchange fluid 3. Has excellent thermal conductivity 4. Has a good specific heat 5. Freezes at 32°F (0°C) 6. Boils at 212°F (100°C) The water used in coolant must be clean & pure. Need to know

32 Good Water The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for water quality include: Chloride <40 ppm Sulfate <100 ppm Calcium <100 ppm Magnesium <100 ppm Total Hardness <170 ppm pH Range: 5.5—9.0 Iron <1 ppm Nice to know

33 Good Quality Water Good quality water types include: Distilled- boiling water and then cooling the steam back to water Deionized (Also called demineralization or purified)- Has the minerals removed such as sodium, calcium, iron, copper, chloride, and bromide Need to know

34 City Tap Water Usually unknown quality Can have unwanted chlorides, minerals, or salts Unknown pH Need to know

35 What to do? Test the water at the shop and if it has high mineral content, consider: 1. Purchasing distilled or de- mineralized water 2. Installing a micro filtration system 3. Installing a reverse osmosis system Need to know

36 Burst Pressure Water expands about 9% when it freezes, and this creates the burst pressure that can break cooling system components. Antifreezes (freeze depressants) lower the freeze temperature. Nice to know

37 Freeze and Boil Pure Water50/50 Anti- Freeze/Water 70/30 Anti- Freeze/Water Freezing Point 0° C (32° F)-37° C (-35° F)-55° C (-67° F) Boiling Point100° C (212° F)106° C (223° F)113° C (235° F) Need to know

38 Ethylene Glycol (EG) Ethylene glycol is the base antifreeze used in every OEM factory fill. The additive package will vary. Need to know

39 Propylene Glycol (PG) Only sold to the aftermarket Not recommended for use by vehicle manufacturers More expensive than EG, Increased cost is $/gallon Still toxic but is not as sweet as EG Need to know

40 Embittered Coolant Embittered = tastes awful Embittering agent is required (denatonium benzoate, 30 ppm) Required in California and Oregon since 2004 but not included on the label. Need to know

41 Additives The major additives: 1. Reduce corrosion 2. Buffer (control) pH 3. Add color (dye) Need to know

42 Need to know 42 IAT Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT) is the traditional green coolant used in most older vehicles. This solution offers fast-acting corrosion protection, but the additives are quickly consumed, exposing the cooling system to possible corrosion problems if not changed regularly.

43 IAT (Usually Green in Color) Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT) antifreeze can contain: Silicates (possible abrasive dropouts) Phosphates Borates Need to know IAT is considered obsolete and can cause early failure of ceramic-phenolic seals used in newer water pumps.

44 OAT (Usually Orange) The downside of OAT is it is not compatible with other types of coolant (IAT and HOAT). In fact, Ford, Chrysler and others say to not use this type of coolant in their newer models. Organic Acid Technology (OAT) is the formula found in DEX-COOL®, and is usually the antifreeze/coolant of choice for GM, VW, and many Japanese/Asian vehicles. This formula is engineered to offer long-life corrosion protection. Need to know

45 OAT -continued NAPS=nitrates, amines, phosphate and silicate free Nice to know

46 OAT=DEX-COOL is one brand Nice to know

47 DEX-COOL Concerns Root cause= air entering system Check cap replace cap Air causes ‘Brown Gunk’ Rust then causes blockages Need to know

48 Rust in Engine DEX-COOL + Air= rust or DEX-COOL + core sand = Brown gunk Need to know

49 GM DEX-COOL Problems Class action suit; GM may have to pay for intake gaskets on V-6s (V-8s still being determined) Brown Gunk on radiator cap Need to know

50 DEX-COOL’s Unique Formulation DEX-COOL uses Ethylhexanoic Acid (2- EH) as a corrosive inhibitor 2-EH is prone to damage plastics like Nylon 6.6 used in intake manifold gaskets and radiators G30 OAT and Peak Global OAT do NOT use 2-EH Nice to know

51 HOAT (Many colors) Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) is found in newer Ford, Chrysler and Mercedes vehicles. Said to use the very best aspects of both IAT and OAT, HOAT is a very protective, long-life coolant. Need to know

52 HOAT=Red; Pink; Yellow or Blue Nice to know

POAT Coolant Phosphated Organic Acid Technology (POAT) Dark Green in color Used in Mazda-based Fords (2008+) same as Mazda FL- 22 $34.95 per gallon

Ford Motor Company & E-OAT 54 The E = European, low silicate and phosphate free Ford of Europe has validated Dex-Cool and uses it with no problems. Ford of U.S. has reengineered all of their new engines (No- Cavitation water pumps and no-silicone rubber or Nylon 66) to work with this formula.

Ford/Mercury Coolant 55 The 1999—2001 Cougar used a OAT DexCool clone, but had issues with water pump cavitation. Pre —

Dex-Cool & OAT that meets GM Spec. 56 Prestone markets an OAT antifreeze (Extended Life: “compatible with ANY antifreeze/ coolant”) that meets the GM Dex-Cool spec. it is less expensive than Dex-Cool-labeled products because of no-royalty cost.

Slow Passivation 57 It takes about 5,000 miles for an OAT to establish protection. Some manufacturers use purified water in the factory fill. This helps keep the cooling system very clean until the protection is there.

58 Contact Information Tom Birch- Jim Halderman-

59 Passivation Passivation = is a chemical reaction the takes place between coolant additives and the metal that it protects Takes a few days or few weeks It creates barrier between the metal and corrosion Each chemical package does its own passivation if you change chemical packages, passivation has to start over It boils down to: DO NOT CHANGE PACKAGES. Nice to know

60 “G” Designations G= Glysantin –trade name of BASF. Valvoline (Zerex) in the US. G30, G33, G34= non-silicate and phosphate free (DEX-COOL replacement) G05 = Phosphate free-low silicates (Asian formula and Chrysler HOAT) Nice to know

61 “G” Designations- continued G11=Blue VW used before 1997 G12=Pink/Red VW G12=Purple VW HOAT formulation; phosphate free ?

62 “G” Designations- continued G48=Low Silicate and Phosphate free Blue Color NAP =nitrates, amines, phosphate free BMW ?

63 Replacement Antifreeze The best choice is to follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations. OR, you can follow the recommendations of reliable antifreeze manufacturers (next slide). Need to know

64 Color The color helps us identify a coolant leak. It also helps us identify the additive package. Should not be used as an indicator what to use-some Chrysler vehicles used HOAT coolant that was green Need to know

65

66 Coolant Summary Ethylene glycol - Most ethylene glycol coolant is any color and contains about 93% ethylene glycol plus water and additives. Propylene glycol - less harmful to pets and animals because it is not sweet tasting, although it is still harmful if swallowed. Organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze coolant – This type is ethylene glycol based but it does not contain silicates or phosphates. It is usually orange. DEXCOOL is an OAT coolant. Hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) – This orange, green, red, blue or yellow coolant is an ethylene glycol based coolant similar to the OAT- type antifreeze as it uses additives (a low amount of silicate) VW/Audi pink - Most of these coolants are HOAT (ethylene glycol-based with some silicate and contain an organic acid) and are phosphate free. Asian red – This coolant is ethylene glycol-based and is silicate-free, yet contains phosphate. Mercedes and Ford yellow – This conventional ethylene glycol coolant has low amounts of silicate and no phosphates. Mercedes Lifetime – Very expensive, can be drained, filtered and reused. Korean or European blue – This conventional ethylene glycol coolant has low amounts of silicate and no phosphates. Nice to know

67 Depletion Rate of Additives Need to know

68 pH Substance pH Hydrochloric acid-1.0 Battery acid 0.5 Lemon juice 2.4 Cola 2.5 Vinegar 2.9 Orange or Apple juice 3.5 Acid Rain<5.0 Tea or healthy skin 5.5 Milk 6.5 Pure water 7.0 Healthy human saliva 6.5 – 7.4 Blood7.34 – 7.45 Sea water7.7 – 8.3 Hand soap 9.0 – 10.0 Household ammonia 11.5 Bleach 12.5 Household lye 13.5 Caustic Soda 13.9 pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Less than 7 is considered acidic. Greater than 7 is considered alkaline. Alkaline Acid Nice to know

69 pH Effects Fresh antifreeze pH= 9 and 11 Used coolant pH= 7.5 and 10 It can also increase electrolysis ( the dissimilar metals in contact with an electrolyte can produce a simple battery) Need to know

70 pH of various coolants IAT= new OAT= new (G30 and G34 designation) HOAT= new (G05,G48,G11 or G12 designation) Need to know

71 Desired pH Need to know

72 pH Tests pH can be measure using test strips or a meter. Fairly accurate and costs pennies/test. Need to know

73 pH Meter This Milwaukee is probably more accurate and cost $ Need to know

74 Corrosion Corrosion is the “decomposition of metal” (called rust or aluminum oxide, the whitish material that forms on aluminum components) Oxide formation: 1.eats away at the parent material from the outside 2.forms an insulating barrier for heat transfer Need to know

75 Metal Corrosion This iron tube has been ruined by rust. Need to know

76 Corrosion aluminum oxide, often found on coolant outlet/stat cover Need to know

77 Corroded Water Pump One of the reasons for the removal of silicates from coolant Need to know

78 Corroded pump can cause: reduced coolant flow and an overheating condition Need to know

79 Cavitation Cavitation is the sudden formation and collapse of low- pressure bubbles. With gasoline engines, the pressure drop can occur at the inlet of the water pump. These bubbles produce a pitting of the solid metal. Cavitation Need to know

80 Cavitation Damage The very low pressure can produce gas bubbles that implode next to a metal surface. The implosion blasts particles from the surface. Need to know

81 Diesel Wet Sleeve Cavitation The sleeve can vibrate during the combustion stroke producing the pressure drop, bubbles, and metal erosion. Heavy duty coolants contain supplemental coolant additives (SCA) to help prevent this. Need to know

82 Galvanic action Galvanic activity does not require an outside source of voltage The higher the conductivity of the coolant, the greater the amount of corrosion Need to know

83 Metals Nice to know

84 Bi-Metal Corrosion Ions move from more active metals to less active metal through the coolant which acts like the electrolyte Nice to know

85 Electrolysis Electrolysis requires the use of an outside voltage source. When electrical ions move from metal to the coolant, they can take metal atoms with them This metal transfer can eat holes in a heater core or radiator. Electrolysis holes will usually start from the inside and have a dark coloration. Need to know

86 Testing Coolant with a Voltmeter This test gives variable and questionable results depending on many factors Galvanic=less than 200 mV Electrolysis= (engine running and accessories switched on and off)=less than 300 mV. This check can locate faulty ground connections Need to know

87 Radiator Voltage Connect the negative voltmeter lead to a good ground (this radiator has a plastic filler neck), and immerse the positive lead into the coolant. A reading of V or greater indicates corrosion is probably occurring. Need to know

88 Coolant Condition This “green” antifreeze has a clean, bright appearance. The other types will have a different color but should also appear clean and bright. A muddy brown or rust-reddish color indicates that corrosion is occurring. Need to know

89 Freeze Protection, Refractometer A few drops of coolant are placed under the sample window. The technician then holds the unit up to light and looks through the eye piece (right end). Sample Window Eye Piece Need to know

90 Refractometer Image The image will show the amount of freeze protection and is read at the scale at the bottom edge of the shadow. This unit can check EG and PG antifreeze freeze protection and battery specific gravity. Shadow Read Here Need to know

91 Freeze Protection, Test Strips Test strips will change color when they are dipped into the coolant, and the color change is compared to the container. Test strips are fairly accurate, easy to use, and inexpensive. Need to know

92 Coolant Corrosion Protection The new test strip color is compared to the color pads on the container to determine the amount of freeze protection and corrosion protection. Need to know

93 Coolant Replacement 1.15 to 20% remains in the system after it has been drained 2.Fill system with antifreeze first and top off with water 3.Be sure to use the specified coolant (GM warns not to reuse coolant drained from the system) (Mercedes has a lifetime coolant, drain, filter, & reuse) Need to know

94 Coolant Replacement- #2 Check the pressure cap and radiator for faults Check all hoses and always use coolant hose Need to know

95 Universal Coolant Universal Gold =HOAT, extended life, low- silicate, phosphate-free antifreeze/coolant. This product meets Ford WSS M97B51-A1 and Chrysler MS 9769 and other "global antifreeze" type specifications, as well as ASTM D3306, D4985 and D6210/11 Nice to know

96 Universal Coolant Arctic Blend Recycool Prestone Prime coolants that have been formulated to be used in any vehicle Nice to know

97 Coolant Recovery and Storage Some shops recycle used antifreeze Should be stored until picked up for recycling Notice double containers to help avoid spills Need to know

98 Flushing a Dirty System 1. Drain system 2. Fill system with clean water & chemical 3. Run system to operating temp. (Heater on) 4. Drain system & fill with clean water 5. Repeat until drain water runs clear Any remaining flush agent will upset pH. 6. Fill system with 50/50 antifreeze/water mix 7. Run system to operating temp. (Heater on) 8. Adjust coolant level Need to know Caution: If flushing a really dirty system, be prepared to repair some leaks.

99 Flushing Some communities permit draining into sewer. EG and PG will biodegrade. There is a problem however if coolant is spilled on open ground. Need to know

100 Be sure to clean the overflow/surge tank It should empty if you start draining with the cap in place. Need to know

101 Mix Coolant 50/50 or use premix ?

102 Coolant Exchange Machine Most shops use machines like this. Coolant drains have become fragile and hard to find. Need to know

TECH TIP Check the freezing Point after service Should be -34 degrees F (proper 50/50 mix) If higher (i.e. -20 F) this means that there is too much water. If lower (i.e. -40 F) this means that there is too much antifreeze

104 Always check or replace the radiator pressure cap The cap can be located on 1.the radiator 2.The coolant recovery reservoir 3.The upper radiator hose Note the pressure. Need to know

105 Cap has two seals What will happen if the upper seal fails? What will happen if the lower seal fails? Upper Seal Filler Neck Lower Seal To CRR Need to know

106 Never open when hot! What can happen if the cap is removed from a hot system? Need to know 1 psi will increase the coolant boiling point 2.7 o F. A 15 lb. Cap will increase the BP 40.5 o F.

107 Proper Fill All of the air must be removed from the cooling system by one of these methods: Bleeder screw: lets air escape Air Lift: evacuates system before fill Spill-Free Funnel: Lisle #22150 Fluid Exchange: requires special equipment Need to know

108 Bleeder Valves Use a clear hose attached to the bleeder valve and the other end in a “suitable” container Prevents coolant from getting on the engine and gives the technician a visual clue as to color of coolant Need to know

109 Leak Detection A good system holds pressure Tracer dye and some antifreezes glow under UV light Need to know

110 What should Technician's do? Check service information for the designated coolant and replacement interval Check the coolant appearance and level at every service Check the pressure cap appearance at every service Check the appearance and pH for signs that the coolant should be replaced before the regular service interval Check Freeze Point, pH, and Galvanic/Electrolysis Need to know

111 Typical Questions/Answers 1. Are all green antifreezes the same? A. No-Chrysler used HOAT coolant that was green like IAT coolant 2. Can DEX-COOL be replaced with conventional green coolant? A. Yes, but then the coolant has be replaced every 24 months or 24,000 miles

112 Questions/Answers 3. Can coolants be mixed? A. No 4. Is DEX-COOL propylene glycol ? A. No. DEX-COOL and all other coolants are ethylene glycol except one labeled propylene glycol and is never used from the factory

113 Summary Not all coolants are the same Not all tap water is OK to use Premixed coolant usually produces good results Check the coolant freezing/boiling point Check the coolant pH Always check or replace the pressure cap, especially on DEX-COOL vehicles

114 Resource materials

115 Contact Information Tom Birch Jim Halderman-