Ross is experiencing a lot of anxiety. He is losing a lot of weight and he continuously feels cold. Duncan feels really faint sometimes. He has difficulty forming sentences and feels dumb. He finds drinking a glass of orange juice or eating something helps. Karen wanders what drives the metamorphosis of some animals. Christina wanders why she feels crazy sometimes when she is in love.

HOMEOSTASIS Maintenance of internal conditions in the body

influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies E.g. regulates mood, growth, and development Hormones:

STEROID HORMONES

STEROID HORMONES IN ACTION sterhorm.html

PEPTIDE HORMONES Peptides and Amines: Peptides are secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys while amines (derived from tyrosine) are secreted by the thyroid and the adrenal medulla.

PEPTIDE HORMONES IN ACTION

EXOCRINE GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

PITUITARY GLAND (THE MASTER) anterior lobe is glandular

OXYTOCIN

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS

ABNORMALITIES

THYROID GLAND Thyroxine: Calcitonin:

Regulation of Thyroxine Production

HYPERTHYROIDISM Increased metabolism Feel hot Lose weight Fatigue but have trouble sleeping Trembling hands Irregular heartbeat Irritable and easily upset

HYPOTHYROIDISM Low metabolism rate therefore weight gain Weakness Fatigue Coarse dry hair Cold intolerance Irritability and depression Memory loss

OTHER ABNORMALITIES

PARATHYROID GLAND Four tiny glands embedded in thyroid produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcium Regulation

OSTERIOPEROSIS

ADRENAL GLANDS

CORTISOL

EPINEPHRIN Central role in short-term response to stress Causes increase heart rate, stroke volume, dilates pupils, constricts arterioles in skin and dilates arterioles in leg muscles, elevates blood sugar, suppressive effect on the immune system. NOREPINEPHRINE activated during stress plays a role in attention and focus, depression, ADD/ADHD medication increases it

Stress response is short-term spinal cord (cross section) sympathetic fibres adrenaline noradrenaline adrenal medulla Stress response:. heartbeat and blood pressure increase. blood glucose level rises. breathing rate increases. muscles become energized. digestive system shuts down Stress response is long-term neurosecretory cells produce releasing hormone anterior pituitary secretes ACTH glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids adrenal cortex Stress response:. protein and fat metabolism occur instead of glucose breakdown. reduction of inflammation; immune cells are suppressed. sodium ions and water are re-absorbed by kidney. blood volume and pressure increase

PINEAL GLAND

THYMUS GLAND

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN FETUS