INFO 320 Server Technology I Week 1 Server operating system and hardware concepts 1INFO 320 week 1

Overview This course covers basic operating system (OS), server, and architecture concepts Here we’ll mainly focus on server operating systems, though much of their functionality is done by any OS 2INFO 320 week 1

Linux and UNIX Much of our emphasis will be on Linux and UNIX, since that’s the OS in most servers –The labs will use the Ubuntu distribution of LinuxUbuntu Linux –What other kinds of server operating system are there? –What kind of operating systems are there, other than server OS’s? 3INFO 320 week 1

What does an OS do? An OS lets applications use server hardware User Application OS Hardware CLI or GUI API or system calls Interrupts or device drivers 4INFO 320 week 1

Server hardware So the point of an operating system is to be able to access hardware What hardware does a server have? –What hardware characteristics do we care about from the selection or management perspective? 5INFO 320 week 1

Possible traits of an OS What are these terms? –Multi-user OS –Multiprocessing OS –Multitasking OS Which of these can a server OS perform? 6INFO 320 week 1

7 Resources and Sharing One way to look at a computer is as a set of resources –The CPU of a computer is a resource –The memory of a computer is a resource –The keyboard of a computer is a resource –The hard disk drive of a computer is a resource INFO 320 week 1

8 Why consider this way of looking at computers? Since the CPU of a computer operates at extremely high speeds, and since there is a speed differential between the CPU and other resources When the CPU is waiting for another resource, it is essentially wasting time – if the only thing that it is doing is waiting INFO 320 week 1

9 Resources and sharing On the other hand if we can have the CPU do something else while it is waiting for a resource we can make better use of the CPU resource – we won’t waste as much of the capability of the resource If we were to do this then we would be able to share the CPU resource among more than a single task The term multitasking derives from this approach Multitasking allows us to share computer resources The sharing of one or more computer resources is controlled by scheduling INFO 320 week 1

What does an OS do? Process management Interrupts Memory management Storage management and disk access Device drivers Networking Security 10INFO 320 week 1

Process management Executing a process means creation of a process by the OS A task is a collection of processes The OS kernel creates a process by assigning it memory, and defining its priority Then the program is loaded into memory, and executed by the (a?) CPU 11INFO 320 week 1

12 Process management In order to multitask, we need a mechanism to share all of the computer resources among the tasks that require it The sharing requires a manager, called the kernel of the operating system INFO 320 week 1

Process management A process can be in three possible states ready waiting executing Needs data Gets data Needs data Gets data and CPU Gets CPU Is preempted 13INFO 320 week 1

Process management Having multiple processes leads to the need for scheduling Processes are assigned priorities CPU time goes to highest-priority process that is ready 14INFO 320 week 1

Interrupts An interrupt is a signal informing a program that an event has occurred –Interrupts are handled by the OS kernel, and may come from software or hardware When an interrupt is received, the hardware suspends whatever program is running, and might take other actions 15INFO 320 week 1

Interrupts Hardware interrupts might include –Keystrokes –Inputs from other devices (mouse, printer, etc.) Software interrupts include –A program needs to get to hardware (save a file) –Program needs more memory 16INFO 320 week 1

Memory management The OS kernel includes a memory management unit (MMU) –This makes it possible for several processes to share main memory –An application deals with logical memory addresses –The MMU deals with physical addresses 17INFO 320 week 1

Memory management The kernel protects memory usage via swapping, paging, and segmentation Swapping is when a process is temporarily moved to a backing storage location –The process is swapped out to storage, then back in 18INFO 320 week 1

Memory management Paging manages physical memory space –Physical memory is divided into frames –Logical memory is divided into pages –Frames and pages have the same size, defined by the hardware involved 19INFO 320 week 1

Memory management Segmentation is the mapping of logical address space for each process into segments –A segment table keeps track of each segment’s name, length, and the offset to find its physical memory location Attempts to address other memory locations results in a segmentation fault interrupt 20INFO 320 week 1

Storage management All OS’s need a way to access stored data Data is stored on devices using files and directories Files are structured to allow fast access, improve reliability, and make efficient use of space A file system is a method for storing and organizing data 21INFO 320 week 1

Storage management OS activities include –Create and delete files and directories –Manipulate files and directories –Back up files onto storage media UNIX and Linux support Virtual File Systems (VFS) –Allows interoperability with Mac and Windows, transparent to the user 22INFO 320 week 1

Storage management File system examples –Solaris uses Unix file system –Linux uses extended file system (ext4) –MS-DOS used File Allocation Tables (FAT) –Mac OS used Hierarchical File System (HFS), and now supports Unix file systems –Windows NT/XP/Vista/7 use NT File System (NTFS) 23INFO 320 week 1

Device drivers Device drivers allow software to communicate with specific kinds of hardwareDevice drivers Each OS has drivers for each device Hardware manufacturers develop drivers 24INFO 320 week 1

Networking Most OS’s support various networking protocols, both open source and proprietary formats –What networking protocols might you expect to be supported? Various network architectures are also supported –Client/server, peer to peer, hybrid 25INFO 320 week 1

Security Within a network, the server OS is a critical security component –Controls access to processes, and data Networking aspect also affects external security threats –Denial of service, worms, Trojan horses, etc. 26INFO 320 week 1

Security Within a network, security is controlled by user and group identification –User has a user ID –Belongs to a group which has a group ID –Anyone else is considered ‘other’ = outside your group 27INFO 320 week 1

Security Each file and directory can be controlled to have different privileges for user, group, and other (u-g-o) The allowed privileges are –read –write (includes create, modify, or delete) –execute (application or script) 28INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Microsoft Windows –Huge worldwide market share –Windows NT is the basis for Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and 7, plus Windows Server 2003 and INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Unix –Now over 40 years old, the longest lived family of operating systems –Mainly used in business and academia Sun  Solaris (was SunOS)Solaris HP  HP/UXHP/UX IBM  AIXAIX SGI  IRIX (obsolete) NeXT (obsolete, but basis for Mac OS X) 30INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Unix-like variants –Linux –FreeBSDFreeBSD –openSolarisopenSolaris 31INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Macintosh –System 1-9 –OS X and OS X Server (based on BSD Unix)OS X OS X Server Mainframe OS’s –OS/400 (IBM AS/400) –DEC VMS and openVMSopenVMS –OS/360 (IBM mainframes e.g. RS/6000) 32INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Google Chrome –Based on Linux –All apps other than the OS kernel will be delivered in a web browser –Apps and data are in the cloud, not locally 33INFO 320 week 1

OS Examples Real time OS’s –Typically used when time-predictable response to many inputs are needed Video or audio processing, system control software, many complex hardware/software systems –There are real time versions of Linux, and many other custom OS’s 34INFO 320 week 1