What is Water?

Essential Questions  What is water? (OSM-03)  How is water distributed on Earth? (OSM-01)  What is the composition and properties of salt water? (OSM-02)  What are the types of water features on Earth? (OSM-01)

What is Water?

Free write – In your Journal  What does the ocean mean to you?  What moves from you to the ocean?  What moves from the ocean to you?

Water?  Water’s chemical symbol is H 2 O.  Water is made of 2 hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen molecule.  Water is a molecular compound, so the molecules are held together with covalent bonds.

Chemical Make-up of Water  Hydrogen Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Mass = 1 Atomic Mass = 1 Contains: Contains: 1 proton1 proton 1 electron1 electron 0 neutron0 neutron  Oxygen Atomic Number = 8 Atomic Number = 8 Atomic Mass = 16 Atomic Mass = 16 Contains Contains 8 protons8 protons 8 electrons8 electrons 8 neutrons8 neutrons

Water continued…  The hydrogen side of a water molecule has a slight positive charge. On the other side of the molecule a negative charge exists. This is known as molecular polarity. This allows water to be a universal solvent. This allows water to be a universal solvent.

Unique features of water  Surface tension Water has a high surface tension due to water’s molecular polarity. Water has a high surface tension due to water’s molecular polarity.  Specific heat Is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance Is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance Water has a high specific heat Water has a high specific heat  pH Pure water has a neutral pH Pure water has a neutral pH  Solvent Liquid water is a universal solvent as it is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical compounds. Liquid water is a universal solvent as it is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical compounds.

Testing Surface Tension  Complete the lab activity provided

Surface Tension…  causes water to be adhesive and elastic  allows water to aggregate in drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin film  also causes water to stick to the sides of vertical structures  allows for the formation of water droplets and waves  allows plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients) from their roots to their leaves  allows the movement of blood through tiny vessels in the bodies of some animals

Solutions review…  Thinking back to grade 7 and grade 9… Solute Solute Solvent Solvent Solution Solution  The ability of a substance to dissolve another is dependant on the molecular arrangement of the 2 substances.  Water has molecular polarity and will easily dissolve other molecules with molecular polarity because their molecules will be attracted to water’s molecules. other molecules with molecular polarity because their molecules will be attracted to water’s molecules. or ionic compounds will dissolve in water because their ions will be attracted to either pole of a water molecule. or ionic compounds will dissolve in water because their ions will be attracted to either pole of a water molecule.

Density Review  Density What is it? What is it? How is it calculated? How is it calculated?  In general, materials become more dense when they are cooled and less dense when they are heated.  Denser objects sink in less dense liquids.  Less dense objects will float in denser liquids.  Complete the density lab

Discussion Question  What are some different forms of water?  How does water “move”?

The Phases of Water  Water can be found in all three states of matter: Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas

Solid Water  Water molecules have little to no movement.  Holds shape of the container.  Has a fixed volume.  Decreased density, ice expands its volume by 9% when cooling.  Occurs at less then 0 o C.

Liquid Water  Takes the shape of the container.  Has a fixed volume.  Molecules move freely.

Gaseous Water  Called water vapour.  Takes the shape of the container.  Has the volume of the container.  Molecular bonds break and move freely.  Occurs at over 100 o C

Free write – In your journal  : “Even if you never have the chance to see or touch the ocean, the ocean touches you with every breath you take, every drop of water you drink, every bite you consume. Everyone, everywhere is inextricably connected to and utterly dependent upon the existence of the sea.” - Sylvia Earle What does this quote mean to you? What does this quote mean to you?

How is water distributed on Earth?

 71% of the Earth is covered by water 3% of this water is freshwater 3% of this water is freshwater 1% of this water is Canadian 1% of this water is Canadian  Other than on the surface, where are other water reservoirs?

 most of the water found on this planet is held within the oceans.  icecaps and glaciers contain about 2 % of the world's total water, and about 60 % of the freshwater supply  freshwater found in groundwater, lakes, rivers, soil, and the atmosphere makes up less than 1 % of the Earth's supply

Inventoryof water at the Inventory of water at the Earth's surface Reservoir Volume (cubic km x 1,000,000) Percent of Total Oceans Ice Caps/Glaciers Deep Groundwater (1) Shallow Groundwater (2) Lakes Soil Moisture Atmosphere Rivers Biosphere (1) m below the surface; (2) m below the surface.

Discussion question  Even though the map shows one, is there an actual boundary between land and the ocean?

The Water Cycle

Water Cycle – Bill Nye  r.asp?ProgID=DEP_BN097 r.asp?ProgID=DEP_BN097 r.asp?ProgID=DEP_BN097  Complete the Question Sheet provided  24mins

What is the composition and properties of salt water?

Composition of salt water  87% of the salt in the oceans comes from sodium and chloride ions. The average concentration of salt is known as salinity.  Nutrients: Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Phosphorus Silicon Silicon  Gasses: Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Hydrogen

Where does the Salt in the Oceans come from?  Salt comes from River run off River run off Chemical activity at deep ocean vents Chemical activity at deep ocean vents Biological activity Biological activity

Properties of Salt Water  Salt lowers the freezing point of water. When ice forms, the salt is forced out leaving more salty water beneath the ice. When ice forms, the salt is forced out leaving more salty water beneath the ice.  Salt water is more dense then fresh water.  Warm salt water does not hold as much oxygen.

How much salt is in the oceans?  Salinity Determined by 1 gram of salt for every 1000 grams of fresh water Determined by 1 gram of salt for every 1000 grams of fresh water Oceans have a salinity of 35% Oceans have a salinity of 35% Compared to:Compared to: Fresh Water = 10% Fresh Water = 10% Brackish Water = 17% Brackish Water = 17%

How is salinity determined?  Evaporate the water and weigh the salt residue.  Measure the electrical conductivity of the water.  Measure the density of the water.

Salinity changes around the Earth

Global salinity  Examples Red Sea = 41% Red Sea = 41% Dead Sea = 240% Dead Sea = 240%  Why does salinity change? When evaporation of water happens, salt is left behind. Ocean water is more salty in the tropical regions than in the poles since tropical regions experience more evaporation.

Sylvia Earle TEDx  After watching the video answer the following: What does Sylvia Earle mean when she refers to the ocean as our “life support system?” What does Sylvia Earle mean when she refers to the ocean as our “life support system?” Do you agree or disagree that “health to the ocean means health to us?” Explain. Do you agree or disagree that “health to the ocean means health to us?” Explain. Which image or graphic shown by Sylvia Earle impressed you the most? Why? Which image or graphic shown by Sylvia Earle impressed you the most? Why? What new information did you learn from Sylvia Earle’s speech? What new information did you learn from Sylvia Earle’s speech? Sylvia Earle’s goal is “to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas.” What do you think Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are? Sylvia Earle’s goal is “to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas.” What do you think Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are? Sylvia Earle’s wish is for humans to do everything we can to reach that goal. What can you do to help? Sylvia Earle’s wish is for humans to do everything we can to reach that goal. What can you do to help? _our_oceans.html _our_oceans.html

What are the types of water features on Earth?

Types of Water features  Bay  Channel  Cove  Delta  Estuaries  Fjord  Gulf  Harbour  Lagoon  Lake  Marsh  Oceans  Pond  Rivers  Sea  Sound  Strait  Swamp  Tributary  Wetland

Discussion Question  What determines how or where a river flows?  Other than water, what else is carried by a River?  p?MediaID=538&MediaTypeID=3&Resour ceID= p?MediaID=538&MediaTypeID=3&Resour ceID= p?MediaID=538&MediaTypeID=3&Resour ceID=104703

Free write – In your Journal  What are ways that humans use water (and the ocean)?  What are ways that humans change the distribution of water or how it flows?  What are things that humans put into water (and the ocean)?  Are there human activities or products that could negatively affect your local sources of fresh water?  What about negative human impacts on the ocean?