SCLY4 Crime & Globalisation Revision Cards 2014

7. Globalisation and Crime Includes: What is globalisation? The extent of the global crime economy Globalisation and :risk consciousness, capitalism and organisation Green crime Human rights and state crimes Think about: Power, harm and interconnectedness Crimes of the powerful Nation states/large corporations power Cause major harm Hidden crime Unpunished crime Zemiology Beyond traditional criminology How crime is defined The study of harm Crimes without frontiers Beyond national boundaries Global connections = more opportunities

How to focus on this topic.. Globalisation is a ‘game-changer’ for the study of crime Globalisation = new forms of crime/new opportunities Global crime = a challenge for ‘nation-states’ and law making/jurisdiction (hard to police) Global crimes by powerful groups = able to define laws (to serve selves), able to hide crimes, able to escape punishment Global crimes = high level of harm/damage (to environment or to citizens) You can use these as strands to return to again and again in your analysis of them. These revision cards try to focus on these strands for you.

The extent of Global crime What is globalisation? The increasing interconnectedness of societies ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide interconnectedness’ (Held) causes: global media, cheap travel, ICT, migration, business links Crime across national borders The level of Global crime Manuel Castells – global crime economy = £1 trillion per year Arms trafficking Trafficking nuclear materials People smuggling/illegal immigrants Prostitution/slavery Sex tourism Cyber crimes (fraud/pornography) Terrorism Green crime Drugs trade Money laundering Global risk consciousness (Beck) Fears of harm/need protection Media exaggeration/moral panics Immigration worries (welfare/jobs) Led to tighter border controls 9/11 terrorism and consequences Capitalism and crime Ian Taylor – greater inequality = crime Businesses (TNCs) switch to low-wage countries = poverty = insecurity + frustration = poor people turn to crime New crim. Opportunities for rich and powerful = insider trading/tax avoidance/moving funds Capitalist employers using foreign labour + breaching laws Demand (rich west) + Supply (3rd world)

New patterns of criminal organisation GLOCAL organisation Hobbs & Dunningham Global economic changes = local crime organisation Individuals with contacts form a ‘hub’ Loose-knit networks – NOT hierarchy (different to subcultures and traditional ‘mafia’ style gangs) Key root = local context But has global connections Each locality will affect the nature of the criminal organisation (global crime filtered through a local lens) Example – old industry shut because of global competition = nocturnal economy in Sunderland – bouncers/body capital Evaluation Not clear if these hubs are ‘new’ Older structures may still run alongside McMafia Glenny Organisations emerging after fall of communism in 1989 Deregulation of global markets Communism falls = free market except for natural resources, ie) oil Russian govt controlled these and kept prices low (communist officials bought these for next to nothing) They sold them abroad = high price Became very rich/powerful – oligarchs Ex-KGB/former convicts formed mafias - used to protect this new wealthy class, ie) Chechen Mafia Not like Italian mafia – kin/hierarchy These mafias were purely economic/ driven by greed Chechen Mafia became a brand – ruthless/protection rackets Exported brand elsewhere Built links around the world

Green Crime Global risk society and environment Crime against the environment Planet is a single eco-system (goes beyond national boundaries) Examples: air pollution, water pollution, nuclear disasters Mainly ‘man-made’ risks today Beck – manufactured risks are damaging humanity (made by industry/transport etc)..go beyond national boudaries 2. Green Criminology Traditional criminology Harm to the environment may be defined as ‘legal’ though Traditional criminology is tied to ‘criminal law’ and green crime ignored Situ & Emmons – see env. Crime as ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’ – a definition that is limited by the law and who control it Green criminology (Rob White) Focus on harm rather than law Some of worst harm = not illegal This is transgressive criminology that moves beyond traditional criminology Different countries have diff. laws Looks at crimes of the powerful – like Marxists note invisible/escape punish. 2 views of harm Anthropocentric view – human view – man can exploit envt. (businesses) Ecocentric view – humans and envt. are linked…envt. needs protecting from global capitalism 3.Types of Green Crime (Nigel South) Primary crimes Direct result of destroying Earth’s resources: (a) crimes of air pollution (b) crimes of deforestation (c) crimes of species decline/animal rights (d) crime of water pollution Secondary crimes Result from flouting the rules to prevent disasters: State violence against opp. Groups eg) French Govt – Greenpeace ship attack Hazardous waste and organised crime eg) business dispose of waste illegally, ship waste to 3rd world/role of ‘ecomafia’ Italy

Examples of ‘Green’ crimes/studies Evaluation Bhopal disaster 1984 - India – Union Carbide Leaking cyanide – safety failure 30 tons of gas = 20’000 deaths and 120’000 continue suffering Air pollution – from industry/transport Deforestation – Amazon for beef cattle Water Pollution – 25 million die each yr from contaminated water (toxic waste and untreated sewage) Day – those who oppose governments supporting nuclear power/arms are seen as ‘enemies of the state’ (Greenpeace) Walters– ‘ocean floor has been a radioactive rubbish dump for decades’ Bridgland – 2004 Tsunami = barrels of radioactive waste dumped by European countries washed up by Somalia Rosoff – notes how cheap disposing of toxic waste in 3rd World coiuntries  recognises importance of global issues  shows where law is lacking where harm is concerned  reveals how the powerful define laws and hide crimes  hard to define the boundaries of ‘green criminology’  definitions are value-laden with moral criteria used

The extent of ‘state crime’ What are state crimes? Crimes of the powerful - ‘state organised crime’ (Chambliss) Green & Ward ‘illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with complicity of, state agencies’ The state is able to define what is criminal Examples – genocide, torture, imprisonment without trial, assassination McLaughlin – 4 categories of state crime Political crimes Crime by security/police forces Economic crimes Social/cultural crimes The extent of state crime Michalowski & Kramer argue that these crimes are s0 serious because: The state has a monopoly on violence – potential to cause much harm It can conceal it’s crimes and avoid punishment It is hard to police the actions of these states (by other states) It makes laws and can use them to control/persecute their enemies

The extent of ‘state crime’ Example of state crimes? Cambodia (1975-8) – Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge government killed 2 million people Nazi Germany – persecution of Jews, the Final Solution Guantanamo Bay – US using excessive methods with terror ‘suspects’ Iraq – Saddam Hussein attacking the Kurds in Northern Iraq Vietnam – My Lai massacre of 400 civilians by US troops during Vietnam war Hiroshima/Nagasaki – Atomic bombs dropped by US on Japanese cities in WW2 The Violation of Human Rights Natural Rights/Civil Rights Protection from state Schwendinger & Schwendinger Crime = level of violation of human rights (harm/zemiology) States denying basic human rights Crimes include: racism, sexism, homophobia, economic exploitation Evaluation Cohen – not objective/easy to explore ‘economic exploitation’ There is limited agreement on what is classed as a human right

How states crimes become possible States ‘hiding’ their crimes Cohen – state crimes are being explored more within criminology and notes how states try to hide/ legitimate their crimes Denial 3 stages – didn’t happen/its not what it seems/its justified Neutralisation theory Applies Matza’s model for justifying deviant behaviour Techniques : denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalty State crime as acceptable How normal people perform evil acts on behalf of states Kelman & Hamilton – 3 factors that create ‘crimes of obedience’: Authorisation – given permission = duty to obey Routinisation – role/detached Dehumanisation – enemy seen as sub-human (linked to propaganda) Dehumanisation and modernisation Science and technology help states to commit these crimes (Bauman) They dehumanise and turn mass murder in a routine/admin task Negotiation/social construction

Globalisation & Crime (bring together) Levels/types(Castells) GLOBAL CRIME Risk consciousness Evaluation Issue of defining crime Objectivity/values Political flavour (committed sociology) Global capitalism Organisations Glocal McMafia Examine Globalisation & Crime STATE CRIME GREEN CRIME Global risk consciousness Green criminology + harm Types of green crime Examples Evaluation What are state crimes? The level of harm Examples Violations of human rights How states conceal crimes (denial) How states make such crime acceptable