Ch. 22 & 24 - Organic and BioChemistry

BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of living matter Polymer: Large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules. Monomer: Small molecules that combine to form polymers.

Large molecules (polymers) are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits (monomers). Some types of polymers (monomers): Proteins (amino acids) Lipids (Triglycerides) Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) Polysaccharides (monosaccharides)

Amino Acids – Proteins

Fatty Acids – Triglycerides

Nucleotides – Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides – Polysaccharides

Organic Chemistry Study of CARBON containing compounds. Studies substances found only in living organisms Why would there be an entire branch of chemistry that focuses on Carbon? What makes carbon so special compared to all of the other elements?

Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule What are Valence Electrons? Electrons available for bonding (Outer shell electrons) What is the octet rule? Atoms want to have 8 valence electrons (with 2 exceptions) Bonding patterns of atoms can be explained by an atom’s valence electrons and its desire to complete octet rule.

Why is Carbon so Special? It has four valence electrons, therefore it always forms four covalent bonds. They can link together to form chains, branches, and rings.

Bonding Review List the types of bonds atoms can make and describe the difference between them? Evaluate which types of bonds would be strongest? Bio and Organic Chemistry focuses on Covalent Bonds. Molecules tend to be large, and are composed of mostly non-metals

Bonding Characteristics Use the HONC 1234 rule to explain the number of covalent bonds an atom will make. H – Hydrogen1 covalent bond O – Oxygen 2 covalent bonds N – Nitrogen 3 covalent bonds C – Carbon 4 covalent bonds

Amino Acids – Proteins

Fatty Acids – Triglycerides

Nucleotides – Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides – Polysaccharides

HYDROCARBONS Compounds that contain only Hydrogen and Carbon Types of Hydrocarbons: Alkanes = single covalent bond Alkenes = double covalent bond Alkynes = triple covalent bond

MethaneCH 4 EthaneC 2 H 6 PropaneC 3 H 8 ButaneC 4 H 10 PentaneC 5 H 12 HexaneC 6 H 14 HeptaneC 7 H 16 OctaneC 8 H 18 NonaneC 9 H 20 DecaneC 10 H 22

C HH H H Methane Molecule Line represents a covalent bond (shared electron pair).

Exit Slip FRONT: 1.List the four main polymers and include the monomer that makes them up in (parenthesis) 2.Name the type of bond that holds monomers together to form polymers. BACK: Write a “Tweet” (about 25 words) describing something you learned today (include a hash tag if you want)

CCCCCC CC Dash between carbons is a covalent bond. Dash on the outside represents a hydrogen.

CCCCCC CC 1. Count the longest chain. (You may bend corners!) This is hexane since it has six carbons.

CCCCCC CC 2. Now number the chain from the end closest to a side branch Name the side branches and assign numbers to them. Names for branches end in –yl.

CCCCCC CC This is 2,4 - dimethylhexane 4. If multiple branches of the same thing, then use prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: Organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon. (All Single Bonds) – Alkanes. Unsaturated: Organic compounds that contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon. (Double and Triple Bonds) – Alkenes and Alkynes.

These are hydrocarbons containing double bonds somewhere in the main chain. These are hydrocarbons containing triple bonds somewhere in the main chain.

1. Find the longest chain in the molecule that contains the double bond. 2. The chain is numbered so that the carbon atoms of the double bond get the lowest possible number. 3. The root name is followed by the suffix –ene (or –yne) 4. Name the branches the same.

CCCCC This is 2-Pentene. Notice some of the hydrogen atoms appear to be “missing”. Each carbon atom may only have four bonds.

Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures. CCCCCCC C Butane2 - Methylpropane

Structures differ in geometry. Trans configuration is when the substituted groups are on opposite sides of the double bond. Cis configuration is when the substituted groups are on the same side as the double bond.

C=C H H HH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 trans-2-Pentene cis-2- Pentene

Atoms of the same molecular structure that differ only in the arrangement of the atoms in space. They are mirror images.

Cyclic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain a hydrocarbon ring. Hydrocarbon compounds that do not contain a ring are known as aliphatic compounds.

C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C cyclopropanecyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane

Any organic compound containing a benzene ring. Each corner contains a carbon atom. There are alternating double bonds between carbons. One hydrogen is attached to each carbon.

A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. Functional groups are attached to hydrocarbon chains.

A common type of organic reaction in which an atom or group of atoms replaces another atom or group of atoms. CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3 Cl + HCl Methane Chlorine Chloromethane Hydrogen chloride

The –OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group. CH 3 – CH 2 – OH Ethyl alcohol or ethanol

A substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne. C=C + H OH C C Ethene Water Ethanol OH

Compounds in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups. The general structure of an ether is R-O-R. (Where “R” represents a carbon chain of any length.) CH 3 – CH 2 – O – CH 3 Ethylmethyl ether

A carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom joined by a double bond. (C=O) Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen. The general formula for an aldehyde is RCHO.

organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR.

R-C-H R-C-R O O Aldehyde Ketone The name for an aldehyde ends in –anal. The name for a ketone ends in –anone.

Compounds with a carboxyl group. (a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.) R-C-OH O The general formula is RCOOH. The name ends in –oic acid.

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the –OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an –OR from an alcohol. The general formula is RCOOR. R-C O O R-

Many esters have pleasant fruity odors. They are also responsible for giving some perfumes their fragrances.