Rules for Bonding in Organic Chemistry Every atom but Hydrogen MUST have 8 electrons while bonded. –Carbon forms 4 bonds (C has 4 valence e - ) –Nitrogen forms 3 bonds (N has 5 valence e - ) –Oxygen forms 2 bonds (O has 6 valence e - ) –Hydrogen forms 1 bond (H breaks the octet rule) –Halogens form 1 bond (all have 7 valence e - ) The Octet Rule!

Organic Chemistry Rules for naming organic compounds –Determine longest straight carbon chain –Locate All Functional Groups –Follow rules for All Functional Groups Organic Compounds are made from non- metals forming covalent bonds with each other.

The Big Eight Functional Groups of Organic Compounds AlcoholsAlcohols AldehydesAldehydes AminesAmines Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids EstersEsters EthersEthers HalidesHalides KeytonesKeytones

Identifying Alcohols R-O-H an oxygen atom is inserted between any carbon atom and one of its hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon To Name:To Name: # of C the “O” is bound to -hydrocarbon and change the ending “-e” to “-ol” Example:Example: H H H H-C-C-C-O-H H H H.. 1-propanol

Naming and Drawing Alcohols H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-H H H H H ethanol 1-butanol H H H-C-C-H H :O: H..

Identifying Aldehydes A Terminal carbonyl group (C=O) on a carbon chain. :O: R– C – H To Name: To Name: Name the carbon chain, add the ending “-al” rather than “e” Example: Example: H H :O: H-C-C- C-H H H propanal

Naming and Drawing Aldehydes H :O: H–C– C–H _______________ H pentanal ethanal H H H H :O: H-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H

Identifying Amines A terminal -NH 2 group on a carbon chain. To Name:To Name: carbon chain “-yl” “amine” H H H Example:Example: H–C C – C – N-H H H H H.. amine Propyl

Naming and Drawing Amines H HH H H–C – C – C – C – N –H ____________ H H H H H.. Butyl amine.. Methyl amine H H H–N – C –H H

Identifying Carboxylic Acids :O: A terminal R-C-O-H group on a carbon chain Name: Name: carbon chain “–oic acid” H H :O: Example: Example: H–C – C – C-O-H H H.. propanoic acid

Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids ethanoic acid H H H H :O: H–C – C – C – C – C-O-H H H H H.. Pentanoic acid H :O: H :O: H–C – C -O-H H–C – C -O-H H..

Identifying Esters :O: A carbon chain broken by R–C- O-R’ To Name To Name: C=O chain“-yl” long chain “-oate” H :O: H H H Example: Example:H-C – C-O-C- C-C-H H H H H Ethyl propanoate..

Naming and Drawing Esters H H :O: H H H H H-C-C- C-O-C-C- C-C-H __________ H H H H H H ethyl methanoate.. Propyl butanoate H :O: H H-C- C-O-C-H H H

Identifying Ethers An oxygen atom breaks up a chain of carbon atoms into two chains: R-O-R’ To Name: To Name: short carbon chain “-yl”, long carbon chain”-yl” “ether” Example: Example: H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H.. Propyl-butyl ether

Naming and Drawing Ethers H H H H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H H H methyl propyl ether.. Butyl hexyl ether.. H H H H H-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H

Identifying Halides A hydrogen has been replaced by one of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I orAt) To Name:To Name: “# carbon of substitution”- “prefix of halogen–o” – “longest carbon chain” Example:Example: H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H Cl H H H 3-chloro-hexane

Naming and Drawing Halides H H H F H H-C-C-C-C-C-H________________ H H H H H 2-bromo-propane 2 – fluoro-pentane H Br H H-C-C-C-H H H H

Identifying Keytones :O: R–C–R’ An oxygen atom is doubly bound to a carbon atom in the middle of a carbon chain To Name: To Name: carbon chain with the # carbon of the carbonyl group ending in “-one” Example: Example: H :O: H H H C H-C –C – C-C C -H H H H H 2-pentanone

Naming Keytones H H :O: H H H H H-C-C–C–C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H 2-hexanone 3-heptanone H :O: H H H H H-C – C – C -C-C-C-H H H H H H