Unit 13- Organic Chemistry Organic halide Polymer Polymerization Saponification Saturated Substitution reaction Unsaturated Esterification Ester Ether Fermentation Functional group Hydrocarbon Isomer Ketone Organic acid Addition reaction Alcohol Aldehyde Alkane Alkene Alkyne Amide Amine Amino acid

What is organic chemistry? Organic- containing carbon Study of carbon and carbon containing compounds Carbon compound characteristics: C almost always forms covalent bonds Bonds are strong Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds

Carbon compounds Allotropes- different forms of an element Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes Contain just C and H Can be saturated- all single bonds or unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond Can be in a straight line form or ring Diamond all single bonds Buckyball 1 double and 2 singles, hollow soccerball 60C’s

Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 Release E when burned 5C’s – 12C’s – found in gas 10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil 20+C’s – candle wax 40+C’s- tar (asphalt) As # of C’s increases, boiling point increases CH4- Methane 90% of gas that heats homes C2H6- Ethane Rest of natural gas C3H8- Propane Heating fuel, grills C4H10- Butane Disposable lighters

Alkenes Contain at least 1 double bond CnH2n Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent C2H4- Ethene Common name- ethlyene- used in plastics C3H6- Propene C4H8- Butene

Alkynes Contains a triple bond C2H2n-2 C2H2- Ethyne C3H4- Propyne Common name- acetylene- used in welding C3H4- Propyne C4H6- Butyne

Isomers Same molecular formula; different structural formula They have different physical and chemical properties Greater structural difference= greater difference in properties As the number of C’s increases; number of isomers increase Both C4H10 

Naming hydrocarbons Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name If it’s branched: Find longest chain and name accordingly Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch

(If branches) name the groups that make up branches Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen Ex: methane (CH4)  methyl group (CH3) If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to which groups are attached

Examples: 1-butene 2- methylpropane 1-butene 2- methylpropane

Try these: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,3,4-trimethylnonane 1-pentyne 2-methyl-3-hexene

What if there’s more than just C and H? Functional groups: Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon Give distinct physical and chemical properties Table R Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers, esters, organic acids, amides, amines,

Functional groups: Halides Alcohols Halogen is added Compound is now called organic halide or halocarbon Named by citing location of halogen Used as solvents and pesticices Ex: chloromethane Alcohols -OH (hydroxyl group) is added Creates polar molecule Nonelectrolytes Ends in –ol Classified as 1o,2o etc depending on what C the –OH is attached to If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze 3 –OH’s then a trihydroxy alcohol

Aldehydes Ketones -C=O (carbonyl group) is added **on end carbon Ends in –al Preservatives, formaldehyde Ketones -C=O (carbonyl group is added) **on interior carbon Ends in –one Solvents, acetone

Ethers Esters R-O-R’ Oxygen bridge in carbon chain “R” represents other atoms Add ether to end of name Esters is added Responsible for odors, flavors in many foods Ends in -oate

Organic acids Amines -COOH (carboxyl group) is added is added Ends in –oic acid Strong odors Weak electrolytes Amines is added Add amine to end of name Vitamins, hormones, anesthetics, dyes Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom

Amides is added Happens when two amino acids are joined together Peptide bond

Organic Reactions occurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds Combustion If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete combustion Carbon monoxide is produced

Substitution Replace one atom but another atom or group of atoms For saturated hydrocarbons Ex: halogenation

Addition Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond Ex: hydrogenation Turn vegetable oil into fat Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil

Esterification Organic acid + alcohol  ester + water To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –oate Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with fatty acids

Saponification Fermentation Ester + inorganic base  alcohol + soap Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol Fermentation Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol

Polymerization Monomers put together to create polymers Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch, cellulose Addition polymerization: joining monomers of unsaturated compounds Condensation polymerization: joining monomers by removing water molecule; creates ester

Plastic recycling codes