1 Anyasor, G.N., 1 Esiaba I.O., 1 Ogunwenmo, K.O., 1 Esan, E.B., 2 Olajuyigbe, O.O., 2 Ikpeoha, N. S., 1 Onyishi, C.C. & 2 Bright, O.C. Depts of 1 Chemical & Environmental Sciences & 2 Biosciences & Biotechnology Babcock University PMB Ikeja Lagos Nigeria BIOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF Codiaeum variegatum (EUPHORBIACEAE) 3RD INTERNATIONAL e-CONFERENCE AGRICULTURAL BIOSCIENCES 2010 JUNE 1-15, 2010

6/7/10 IeCAB 2010 June  Garden croton occur naturally in southern Asian and other eastern pacific islands as well as in Africa  It can be used as an attractive hedge,  Striking foliage in green houses,  Beautification of landscape  Haemostatic and wound healing (folk medicine)  Anti inflammatory and antiseptic  Potential antiviral and antibacterial  Temporal relieve of tooth cavities  Soars, swelling and miscarriage induction THE GARDEN CROTON Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume

IeCAB 2010 June  Animals Thirty (30) Wister albino rats were obtained from the laboratory animal facility of the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR). The animals weighed between 195 and 270 g. They were housed in groups and were caged for two weeks to acclimatize  Preparation of leaf extract The leaves were plucked off from the stem and dried under room temperature for about 4 weeks. The dried sample were then pulverized with the aid of an electric blender and stored in clean containers until needed for extraction MATERIALS & METHODS

IeCAB 2010 June EXTRACTION 150 g dried, pulverized leaf was extracted with 600 ml absolute ethanol, methanol and distilled water, stirred slowly for few minutes, allowed to stand for 72 h and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure in a vacuum at 80 ◦ C using a rotary evaporator Antimicrobial testing Antimicrobial activities of cultivars of garden croton was assayed in vitro by agar well diffusion method against selected bacterial strains.  Parameters examined Phytochemical Constituents Blood clotting time Coagulation time Antimicrobial properties

IeCAB 2010 June TESTMEAN ± STANDARD DEVIATION Codiaeum variegatum cv. Ovalifolium CLOTTING / BLEEDING TIME (min) CONTROL 2.35 ± 0.70 AQUEOUS EXTRACT1.72 ± 0.38 METHANOLIC EXTRACT3.98 ± 1.62 COAGULATION TIME (min ) CONTROL4.95 ± 3.4 AQUEOUS EXTRACTNO COAGULATION METHANOLIC EXTRACT3.08 ± 2.5 Results

IeCAB 2010 June PHYTOCHEMICALS Table 3. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals of six cultivars of C. variegatum

ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSIS Antimicrobial action of ethanolic extract of cultivars of Codiaeum variegatum cv. ovalifolium ORGANISMZONE OF INHIBITION (mm) Streptococcus pneumoniae Te2 30 S. pyrogeneae Td214 Salmonella typhi Tc27 S. typhi Tc1913 S. typhi Sat710 Escherichia coli Ecl717

IeCAB 2010 June The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, cardinolides, phenols, steroids, flavonoids, phyllate and phlobatanins in C. variegatum although terpenes, phenol were rarely present The aqueous extract induced clotting at a significantly (P<0.05) higher rate than methanolic extract and the control The bleeding time showed that aqueous extract had no coagulation, while the methanolic extract and normal saline had coagulation More so, ethanolic extract of leaf inhibited growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae Te2 (30 mm), S. pyrogeneae Td2 (14 mm), Salmonella typhi Tc2 (7 mm), S. typhi Tc19 (13 mm), S. typhi Sat7 (10 mm) and Escherichia coli Ecl7 (17 mm) indicating the presence of antimicrobial agents DISCUSSION

IeCAB 2010 June Conclusion Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of cultivars of C. variegatum possess certain bioactive metabolites with anti- clotting, anti-coagulating and anti- microbial properties