beginning of U.S. political parties Federalists: – wanted strong federal government, weaker state governments – promoted industry Republicans: – wanted stronger state governments; power to people (Bill of Rights) – promoted agriculture medal of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton Jefferson (Republican) promoted agrarianism second inaugural address (1805): – “It is proper you should understand what I deem the essential principles of our Government... [named 14 things, including] encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid... ” Louisiana Purchase (1803) = more farm land

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) Report on Manufactures (1790) – development of manufacturing would make U.S. less dependent on other nations subsidize industry regulate trade with moderate tariffs on imports science, technology, agriculture contribute to industry stimulate immigration to U.S. American school of economics

Federalists “won” the debate; U.S. became an industrial nation, but its agriculture is excellent, too

improvement of transportation until invention of electric communication (telegraph/Morse code, 1837) communication could only move at speed of transportation (all messages moved on some sort of paper or by word of mouth) colonial era: transportation slow; contributed to poor communication Patriot Thomas Paine thought Britain shouldn’t rule North America because communication so slow

Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree of convenience, by a power, so distant from us, and so very ignorant of us; for if they cannot conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three or four thousand miles with a tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness…

improvements in transportation easier & cheaper b/c of steam, iron, & steel connected raw materials to manufacturers & manufacturers to markets people: – easier to (im)migrate where industrial labor was needed – moved between continents & into interiors of continents

improvements in transportation whites migrated west b/c of improvements: – better roads U.S. 40 as “National Road” (1811–1837); Virginia to Illinois – steamboats – canals (1815–1850) – railroads (1830– ) canal in downtown Indianapolis, May 2009

1908 postcard of Erie Canal, near Buffalo, New York

road with a dirt left lane and a macadamized right lane, California, 1850s

railroads U.S. geography large – distance & time to cover it – growing, moving population (“yearly multiplying millions”) – first transcontinental line (1869) – move people, goods, & information challenges: – employees spread out – need for a business structure to manage: birth of the corporation

JOURNAL ENTRY 15a What are 5 forms of transportation that we can see in John Gast’s painting “American Progress”? How is the transportation in the left side of the painting different from that in the right side?

transatlantic voyages early 19 th century no regular sailings sails, no propeller 3-6 weeks expensive ($140) passenger on a cargo ship David McCullough, The Greater Journey (2011) – “cramped quarters, little or no privacy, dismal food, a surplus of unrelieved monotony” – “the very real possibility of going to the bottom” (10% died) late 19 th century regular service steam-powered propeller* 2 weeks cheaper ($30) accommodations better * arrivals by sailboat – 1856: 95% of passengers – 1865: 25% – 1873: 3% – impact on population of the United States?

JOURNAL ENTRY 15b The previous slide is based on information found in David McCullough’s book The Greater Journey. Based on this information, what was the impact of easier transatlantic voyages by boat in the later 19 th century on the population of the United States? (hint: think in terms of immigration)