Chapter 19a Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy. Chapter 19 Table of Contents Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2 19.1Radioactive Decay 19.2.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry

Advertisements

Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Physics Spring 2013.

Chapter 18 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View All nuclides with 84 or more protons are unstable with respect to radio active decay. Light nuclides are stable.

Chapter 25.  Marie Curie was a Polish scientist whose research led to many discoveries about radiation and radioactive elements. In 1934 she died from.

19.1Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay 19.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 19.3 Nuclear Transformations 19.4Detection and Uses of Radioactivity.

Chapter 19a Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy. Chapter 19 Table of Contents Radioactive Decay 19.2 Nuclear Transformations 19.3 Detection of Radioactivity.

Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay

Chapter 9 pages And Chapter 18 pages

Nuclear Chemistry.

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

1 X - Nuclear 2 Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable.

Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons

Radioactivity The process by which nuclei emit particles and rays These penetrating particles and rays are called radiation.

Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactive Decay Spontaneous breakdown of an atom’s nucleus Breakdown results in a lighter nucleus Emits electromagnetic radiation.

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactive Decay Spontaneous breakdown of an atom’s nucleus Breakdown results in a lighter nucleus Emits electromagnetic radiation.

CHEMISTRY 1 CHEMISTRY 1 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 28.

Chapter 18.  Mass # Symbol  Element Name or symbol – Mass #  Parts of a Reaction Reactants  Products.

Atomic Stability. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. Cu Copper – 63 OR Copper.

Nuclear Reactions.

Chapter 22 Nuclear Chemistry. Sect. 22-1: The Nucleus Nucleons – collective name for protons & neutrons Nuclide – an atom Notation: either radium – 228.

Chapter 10 Nuclear Changes

Chapter 19 Nuclear Chemistry Marie Sklodowska Curie.

THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST’S VIEW. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation

1 Chapters 18 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. 2 CHAPTER OUTLINE  Atomic Structure Atomic Structure  Radioactivity Radioactivity  Alpha Decay Alpha Decay  Beta.

Radiation. Atomic Anatomy Atoms –electrons (e-) –protons (p+) –neutrons (n)

Nuclear Energy. A. What does radioactive mean? 1. Radioactive materials have unstable nuclei, which go through changes by emitting particles or releasing.

Nuclear Radiation > Nuclear Radiation & Transformations.

Nuclear Chemistry.

Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. An atom is referred to as a nuclide. An atom is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Section 1Nuclear Changes Section 1: What is Radioactivity?

RADIATION *Penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source *Ranges from Cosmic and Gamma Rays to Radio Waves.

1 Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation 9.1 Natural Radioactivity Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 19.1 Radioactivity 1.To learn the types of radioactive decay 2.To learn to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay 3.To learn how one element.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Physics.

Section 19.1 Radioactivity 1.Students will be able to describe the factors that lead to nuclear stability. 2.Students will be able to describe types of.

CHEMISTRY 1 CHEMISTRY 1 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 28.

P. Sci. Unit 12 Nuclear Radiation Chapter 10. Essential Questions 1)Identify four types of nuclear radiations and compare and contrast their properties.

Nuclear Chemistry Unit 10. Radioactivity The spontaneous emission of radiation by an unstable atomic nucleus. Discovery Henri Becquerel-1896 Worked with.

Chapter 19 Radioactivity. Chapter 19:1 Fun Fact: If the nucleus of the hydrogen atom was a ping pong ball, the electron in the 1s orbital would be 0.3.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 21 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View.

Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity The process by which materials give off such rays radioactivity; the rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source.

Section 19.1 Radioactivity TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQ.: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HOW ARE THESE REPRESENTED IN A NUCLEAR.

Energy Unit Learning Goal 4: Examine how changes in the nucleus of an atom result in emissions of radioactivity.

Chapter 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View AP*. AP Learning Objectives  LO 4.3 The student is able to connect the half-life of a reaction to the rate constant.

NUCLEAR CHANGES. Nuclear Radiation Radioactivity: process by which an unstable nucleus emits one or more particles or energy in the form of electromagnetic.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Nuclear Chemistry Section 1 The Nucleus Section.

Ch. 28 Nuclear Chemistry C. Smith. I. Nuclear Radiation A. Radioactivity 1. Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that have unstable nuclei. 2. They gain.

CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry. Key Terms Radioactivity- the process by which nuclei emit particles and rays Radiation- the penetrating rays and particles.

P. Sci. Unit 12 Nuclear Radiation Chapter 10. Nuclear Radiation Strong Nuclear force – the force that holds protons and neutrons together. Remember that.

Chapter 19 Radioactivity & Nuclear Energy Chemistry B2A.

Nuclear Science…Necessary? Identify whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. 1.Nuclear power is safe and needed to keep up.

JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY JEOPARDY.

Nuclear Chemistry The alpha particle (  ) The beta particle (  ) Gamma radiation (γ)

Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons

Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay

Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons

Radioactivity & Nuclear Energy.

Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons

THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST’S VIEW

Nuclear Radiation.

Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay

Presentation transcript:

Chapter 19a Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

Chapter 19 Table of Contents Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Radioactive Decay 19.2 Nuclear Transformations 19.3 Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life 19.4Dating by Radioactivity 19.5Medical Applications of Radioactivity

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3 Review nucleons – particles found in the nucleus of an atom  neutrons  protons atomic number (Z) – number of protons in the nucleus mass number (A) – sum of the number of protons and neutrons isotopes – atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers nuclide – each unique atom

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4 Radioactive Decay radioactive – nucleus which spontaneously decomposes forming a different nucleus and producing one or more particles nuclear equation – shows the radioactive decomposition of an element Paper Wood Lead

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5 Types of Radioactive Decay – Alpha Particle Production Alpha particle – helium nucleus  Examples Net effect is loss of 4 in mass number and loss of 2 in atomic number.

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6 Types of Radioactive Decay – Beta Particle Production Beta particle – electron  Examples Net effect is to change a neutron to a proton.

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7 Types of Radioactive Decay – Gamma Ray Release Gamma ray – high energy photon  Example Net effect is no change in mass number or atomic number.

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8 Types of Radioactive Decay – Positron Production Positron – particle with same mass as an electron but with a positive charge  Example Net effect is to change a proton to a neutron.

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9 Types of Radioactive Decay – Electron Capture Process in which one of the inner-orbital electrons is captured by the nucleus.  Example

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10 Various Types of Radioactive Processes

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11 Decay Series Occurs until a stable nuclide is formed.

Section 19.1 Radioactive Decay Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12 Concept Check Which of the following produces a particle? electron capture positron alpha particle beta particle

Section 19.2 Return to TOC Nuclear Transformations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13 Change of one element to another Bombard elements with particles  Examples

Section 19.2 Return to TOC Nuclear Transformations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14 Transuranium Elements Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 which have been synthesized.

Section 19.2 Return to TOC Nuclear Transformations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15 Concept Check If the bombardment of with alpha particles leads to the emission of a neutron, which nuclide is formed in this nuclear transformation process?

Section 19.3 Return to TOC Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16 Geiger–Mϋller Counter Instrument which measures radioactive decay by registering the ions and electrons produced as a radioactive particle passes through a gas-filled chamber.

Section 19.3 Return to TOC Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17 Scintillation Counter Instrument which measures the rate of radioactive decay by sensing flashes of light that the radiation produces in the detector.

Section 19.3 Return to TOC Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18 Discovery of Po and Ra Marie Skłodowska Curie ( ) Marie, and her husband Pierre, analyzed a ton of Uranium ore. After removing the uranium the radioactivity increased. This led to the discovery of Polonium, more radioactive than uranium, named after here home country of Poland. After removing the Polonium the radioactivity increased again. This led to the discovery of a small amount in their hand of Radium, so radioactive that it glowed in the dark.

Section 19.3 Return to TOC Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19 Half-life Time required for half of the original sample of radioactive nuclides to decay.

Section 19.3 Return to TOC Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20 Concept Check Strontium-90 is a by-product of nuclear fission and a contaminant associated with the testing of nuclear weapons. It is of particular concern to humans because it tends to become concentrated in bones, substituting for calcium (similar ionic radius and both 2+ ionic charge). The half-life of is 29 years. If milk contaminated with is ingested, after 58 years what percentage of the replacing Ca in bones would remain to continue emitting beta particles? a)100% b)75% c)50% d)25%

Section 19.4 Dating by Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21 Radiocarbon Dating (Carbon-14 Dating) Originated in 1940s by Willard Libby  Based on the radioactivity of carbon-14 Used to date wood and artifacts

Section 19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22 Radiotracers Radioactive nuclides that can be introduced into organisms and traced for diagnostic purposes.

Section 19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23 Radon –A rare noble gas which has also been implicated as a possible cause of lung cancer. –Accumulates in houses from particular kinds of soils or rock strata. 15-

Section 19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24 Predicted Indoor Radon Levels 15- red zones-greater than 4 pCi/L orange zones-between 2 and 4 pCi/L yellow zones-less than 2 pCi/L Santa Barbara/ Ventura Counties highest levels

Section 19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25 Chapter 19b Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy W

Section 19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Nuclear Energy 19.7Nuclear Fission 19.8Nuclear Reactors 19.9Nuclear Fusion 19.10Effects of Radiation Predicted Indoor Radon Levels

Section 19.6 Nuclear Energy Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27 Two types of nuclear processes can produce energy.  Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus - fusion  Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers - fission Iron has the most stable nucleus

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28 Releases 2.1  J/mol of uranium-235 Each fission produces 3 neutrons.

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29 Chain reaction – self sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei Critical mass – mass of fissionable material required to produce a chain reaction

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30 A Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Power Plant

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31 Nuclear energy generates about 21 percent of the electricity produced in the United States. Questions of safety, costs, and nuclear waste disposal have halted construction of nuclear reactors in the United States.

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32 Nuclear Power plants locations throughout the world.

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33 Disposal of Radioactive Waste Where can you dispose of radioactive waste where it will be safe? In the ground as shown to the right? Into space? Into the Sun?

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34 Plutonium When nonfissionable U-238 captures a fast neutron, it eventually forms the fissionable nuclide of plutonium, Pu-239, which can support a chain reaction. Plutonium is a transuranium element, meaning that it has an atomic number greater than the 92 of uranium. The fissionable plutonium produced in a uranium-fueled reactor can be used as a fuel or in nuclear weapons. Little Boy Fatman

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 35 Nuclear Bombs Trinity Bomb Hiroshima /trinity_nuclear_weapon_test/ Equivalent to kilotons of TNT

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 36 Hiroshima Imprint of sitting person 70,000 killed immediately and 70,000 more later. Half from blast, a third radiation and rest from radioactivity.

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 37 Nagasaki Equivalent to kilotons of TNT Compare to the Tsar Bomb dropped in 1961 that was equivalent to 51 megatons of TNT or 50,000 kt of TNT.

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 38 Process of combining 2 light nuclei Produces more energy per mole than fission Powers the stars and sun Nuclear Fusion

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 39 Requires extremely high temperatures Currently not technically possible for us to use as an energy source Nuclear Fusion

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 40 Nuclear fusion produces tremendous quantities of energy and has the potential of becoming the ultimate source of energy on earth. Nuclear Fusion

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 41 Biological Effects of Radiation Depend on: 1.Energy of the radiation 2.Penetrating ability of the radiation 3.Ionizing ability of the radiation 4.Chemical properties of the radiation source

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 42 Effects of Short–Term Exposures to Radiation

Section 19.7 Nuclear Fission Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 43 Typical Radiation Exposures for a Person Living in the U.S.