Analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan and the United States INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION AND IMPERIALISM

Industrial Expansion in a New Industrial Age

Industrial Revolution The change from hand methods of manufacturing to machine methods

Industrial Revolution Brought change in the way people worked and lived

Industrialization brought a shift from an agricultural society to a manufacturing society

Industrial Revolution Began in 1750’s (18 th century) England (Great Britain) was the first country to industrialize Ideas and technology spread to other countries

1. Why was England the first country to industrialize?

Britain had new technology new forms of energy

New machines were power operated Installed in large factories Workers hired for hourly wages

Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny

Power driven loom

English Textile Industry The demand for British textiles rose The cost of production fell The British industrialists made huge profits This led to the growth of capitalism

Capitalism – The means of production were owned by individuals for profit

Great Britain overseas markets necessary capital abundant natural resources Became rich producing coal, iron, cotton Railway tracks reduced shipping costs

Had a liberal system of government Encouraged economic development Ideas were exchanged freely Entrepreneurs could turn their ideas into reality Great Britain

Spread of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution spread across Europe and the United States Q: why didn’t it spread across Africa?

Natural Resources Fueled Industrialization Coal and Iron discovered Bessemer Process: new method which turned iron into steel

19 th century English entrepreneurs established their factories in urban centers, OR close to water power and coal fields, with easy access to markets.

2. How did scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy bring about massive social, economic, and cultural change?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison – light bulb, 1880 Who invented it and what is it?

Electricity allowed factories to be located anywhere, not just by rivers

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt – steam engine Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney – cotton gin Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Famous inventors James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer – process to make steel Thomas Edison Who invented it and what is it?

Bessemer converter

Steel – used for Railroads, Bridges

Scientific discoveries

New Age of Science Louis Pasteur – germ theory Charles Darwin – theory of natural selection

Assignment –how did scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy bring about massive social, economic, and cultural change? TECHNOLOGYWHAT IT WASHOW IT CHANGED EUROPE/THE WORLD Science Pasteurization Technology Bessemer process Technology Cotton Gin Technology Light bulb New forms of energy coal Steam engine

Rural to urban migration

Economic changes and new opportunities led to Population explosion in British cities such as Liverpool and Manchester Social Impact

Urban Problems Tenements Tenements: multifamily urban dwellings were overcrowded and unsanitary Mass Transit Mass Transit: cities struggled to repair old systems or build new ones to meet demands Water Water: No indoor plumbing, collected water in pails from street to heat for bathing, limited access to safe water (cholera and typhoid fever)

Urban Problems Continued Sanitation Sanitation: Horse manure and garbage in the streets, sewage flowed in open gutters, factories went unregulated Crime Crime: pickpockets and thieves Fire Fire: Lack of water and volunteer fire fighters. Most buildings made of wood, and people used candles

Increasing population in the cities led to overcrowding Increasing population in the cities led to overcrowding The word slum comes from “slumber areas”

Growth of Railroads

4. The evolution of work and labor the demise of the slave trade the effects of immigration mining and manufacturing division of labor the union movement

Demise of the slave trade The slave trade was first abolished by the British on March 25, 1807 There are still 27 million slaves in the world today

Child labor in England

Coal Mining Britain had huge quantities of coal Britain became the most wealthy and powerful country

Division of labor

The Industrial Revolution brought the birth of a modern working class.

What about the rest of Europe? Crimean War – Russia was defeated – Austria was isolated and exploited Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War – Italy and Germany gained territory – Italy and Germany unified – France’s empire was defeated

Hungarians were granted right to govern themselves Russian Czar freed the serfs United States fought a civil war over slavery