BLOOD

CARDIOVASCULAR Composed of heart, blood vessels and blood also lymph and lymph vessels.. Heart is the pump Blood vessels transport system Blood is transport medium

Blood Blood is connective tissue Consists of extracellular liquid matrix (plasma) Plasma is 55% of the volume Cells - Formed Elements - 45% RBC, WBC, and Platelets.

19-4 Composition of Blood

Formed Elements Erythrocytes - red blood cells Thrombocytes - Platelets Leukocytes - white blood cells –Granulocytes (Neutophils & Eosinophils & Basophiles) –Granulocytes

FACTS about the BLOOD 7 to 9 % of total body weight Male 5 to 6 L of blood Females 4 to 5 L of blood Viscosity 3.5 to 5.5 pH 7.35 to 7.45 Temperature 38C (100.4F)

Plasma 90% water 7% proteins (albumins, fibrinogen, globulins) 3% other solutes –Electrolytes –Nutrients –Wastes –Gases –Buffers

Functions of the Blood 1. Transport –O2 (gases) –Waste –Nutrients –Hormones –enzymes

Functions of the Blood 2. Regulate –Blood clotting –Temperature –Acid-base balance (pH) –Water and electrolytes

Red blood cells specialisations 2) no nucleus  extra space inside 3) contain haemoglobin  the oxygen carrying molecule  250million molecules / cell 1) biconcave shape increases the surface area so more oxygen can be carried

Functions of the Blood 3. Protection –Against harmful microorgisms by WBC Proteins Antibodies

RBC Carry CO2 and O2 Need Hemoglobin CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid Males have more hemoglobin than females because of testosterone.

Haemoglobin gives red blood cells their colourgives red blood cells their colour can carry up to 4 molecules of O 2can carry up to 4 molecules of O 2 associates and dissociates with O 2associates and dissociates with O 2 contains ironcontains iron

19-14 Hemoglobin Consists of: –4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide –4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen Iron is required for oxygen transport

Sickle Cell Anemia Hereditary disease Abnormal type of hemoglobin Sickle shape 1 in 500 African American 1 in 1000 Hispanic Stroke is one the most devastating problems

Bilirubin By-product of the destruction of RBC RBC last 120 Spleen & liver starts to break down RBC Liver bilirubin is excreted out of the body through feces which gives its’ color.

19-17 Erythropoiesis Production of red blood cells –Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts intermediate late reticulocytes Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production

19-18 Hemoglobin Breakdown

19-19 Hematopoiesis

Human blood smear X 500

x 1000

plasma (55%) red blood cells (5-6-million /ml) white blood cells (5000/ml) platelets skool blood plasma

Leukocytes WBC Granulocytes have large granules –Neutrophils Very mobile, can migrate –Eosinophhil Ingest inflammatory chemicals & protiens –Basophil Least numerous, motile and capable of diapedesis

19-24 Leukocytes

Agranulocytes WBC that have no granules –Lymphocytes Smallest, 2 nd most numerous, T lymphocytes attacking infections & cancer B lymphocytes produce antibodies –Monocytes Largest Motile, engulf large bacteria

Lymphocyte

Monocytes

Phagocytes Monocytes and macrophages Provide a non-specific response to infection ry/anim/phago053.htmlhttp:// ry/anim/phago053.html

Thromocytes Platelets (no nucleus) Starts with Megokaryoblast Breaks up in to Platelets Make 2000 to 3000 platetes Live 7 days Form Blood clots ( coagulate) Fibrin material that forms net. Pg 663

19-30 Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding Events preventing excessive blood loss –Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels –Platelet plug formation –Coagulation or blood clotting

19-31 Platelet Plug Formation

19-32 Coagulation Stages –Activation of prothrombinase –Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin –Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Pathways –Extrinsic –Intrinsic

19-33 Fibrinolysis Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin

Blood Types A – A antigens B – B antigens AB – A & B antigens O no antigens

Rh Factor Rh + has the antigen Rh – does not have the antigen

Facts 700 RBC to 1 WBC CO combines 210 times faster to RBC than CO2 Most of your blood is located in your veins, 64% Veins appear blue because the blood is a dark reddish (bluish) color.

When Things Go Wrong Anemia Leukopenia – low WBC count Myeloma – B lymphocytes cancer Leukemia – blood cancer excess count Mononucleosis – atypical WBC, Virus AIDS