Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) Omega-3: Omega-3: –Eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA) –Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) –Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)  flaxseed--most, canola (rapeseed), soybean, walnut, wheat germ  body can make some EPA and DHA from ALA Omega-6 Omega-6 –corn, safflower, cottonseed, sesame, sunflower –Linoleic acid FISH

Omega-3 Omega-6

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Associated with: Associated with: –anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, vasodilatory properties Inflammatory conditions Inflammatory conditions Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes* Mental function Type 2 diabetes* Mental function Renal disease* Growth and development Renal disease* Growth and development

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Classical symptoms include: Classical symptoms include: –growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, kidney and liver disorders, subtle neurological and visual problems People with chronic intestinal diseases People with chronic intestinal diseases Depression--omega-3 Depression--omega-3 –?inadequate intake alters brain activity or depression alters fatty acid metabolism? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder –lower levels of omega-3--more behavioral problems

functions of the lipoproteins functions of the lipoproteins

Apolipoproteins The protein composition differs from one lipoprotein class to another, and the protein constituents are called Apolipoproteins The protein composition differs from one lipoprotein class to another, and the protein constituents are called Apolipoproteins

8 Lecithin and cephalin are glycerophospholipids abundant in brain and nerve tissues.abundant in brain and nerve tissues. found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast. Lecithin and Cephalin

1- Lecithins: Definition: Lecithins are glycerophospholipids that contain choline as a base beside phosphatidic acid. They exist in 2 forms  - and  -lecithins. Lecithins are a common cell constituent obtained from brain (  -type), egg yolk (  - type), or liver (both types). Lecithins are important in the metabolism of fat by the liver. Structure: Glycerol is connected at C2 or C3 with a polyunsaturated fatty acid, at C1 with a saturated fatty acid, at C3 or C2 by phosphate to which the choline base is connected. The common fatty acids in lecithins are stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, clupandonic or arachidonic acids.

2-Cephalins (or Kephalins): Definition: They are phosphatidyl-ethanolamine or serine. Cephalins occur in association with lecithins in tissues and are isolated from the brain (Kephale = head). Structure: Cephalins resemble lecithins in structure except that choline is replaced by ethanolamine, serine or threonine amino acids. Cephalins resemble lecithins in structure except that choline is replaced by ethanolamine, serine or threonine amino acids.