■Essential Questions ■Essential Questions: –What were the principal causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s? –What does it mean to be a “hippie?” –What is the “establishment?”

A Generation in Conflict A Generation in Conflict:

A Decade of Protest: ■The decade from 1965 to 1974 was marked by protest due to: –Escalation of the Vietnam War –Attack on middle-class values –Increased college enrollment ■The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests: Native-Americans Women Hippies Mexican-Americans African-Americans Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,” intensified a “war at home” The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history

The Student Revolt Free Speech ■The student protest movement began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free Speech movement –Students protested the “corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley –Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus Students for a Democratic Society ■This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes

Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on campuses across the USA Brown University ended required courses & grades Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules

The Cultural Revolution ■The student protests coincided with youth counter-culture in 1965 ■Beginning in San Francisco & spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized: –Sexual expression –Clothing –Drugs –Music Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill” “Summer of Love” in 1967 Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs “Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!” Folk music British invasion & electric rock Acid rock

Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan (until Dylan discovered the electric guitar) “Electric rock” like The Beatles “Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead

Drugs Sex Rock ‘n’ Roll Is this the nation’s youth?? Mostly children from upper-middle class families No work ethic?

Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s

"Black Power" economic ■In the late 1960s, civil rights from political to economic equality –Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy –Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty “I’m black & I’m proud!” —James Brown

"Black Power" Stokely Carmichael ■SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael: –Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites –Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties Black Panthers ■The Black Panthers dedicating themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their communities “Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton

“Brown Power” ■Mexican-Americans began to advocate for their rights: –“La Raza” called for cultural awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms –César Chávez Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc –César Chávez organized the Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better pay for pickers –“Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programs

“Pink Power” ■Women's Liberation movement demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America: –Friedan’s Feminine Mystique criticized housewife life –Nat’l Org of Women –Nat’l Org of Women called for equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-abortion laws –Equal Rights Amendment –Equal Rights Amendment was revived to end sexism …were still seen as “homemakers” In the 1960s, women were still employed in stereotypical jobs… …& unmarried adults outnumbered married adults for the first time But…in most families, both parents worked out of the home Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate “glass ceiling” In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v Wade In the late 1960s, the “pill” became widely available

State Voting on the ERA The ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification

“Rainbow Power” ■The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City –The Gay Liberation Front demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out” –The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease –½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws

“Red Power” ■The American Indian movement sought to service its communities & regain lost lands: –“Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement –“Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D. A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations

“Yellow Power” ■The Asian-American movement began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance: –Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam & use of term “gooks” –Called for & received Asian- American studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans

Civil Liberties ■Civil liberties were protected for people accused of crimes: –Gideon v Wainwright (1963) –Gideon v Wainwright (1963)— all citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney –Escobedo v Illinois (1964) –Escobedo v Illinois (1964)— citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations –Miranda v Arizona (1966) –Miranda v Arizona (1966)— suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination

Conclusions ■The counterculture & “power protests” used similar methods: –Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights –Cultural pride & awareness ■These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s “Black is Beautiful,” “Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful”