 About diplomacy  What do diplomats do?  What influences negotiations?  Who’s influences foreign policy making?  What are the different negotiation settings?

What is diplomacy?  Formal relations between countries  Need to be sovereign to engage in diplomacy  Recognize with an EmbassyEmbassy What is the objective of diplomacy?  Promote/ preserve state’s national self-interest When did the modern era of diplomacy begin?  Marked by Treaty of Versailles, 1919

Who is the most important diplomat for a country? -Head of Government Country United States, France, Russia, Brazil United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan China, Czech Republic Germany Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar Titles for the Head of Government President Prime Minister Premier Chancellor King

Head of Government and Head of State Country United States, China, Germany, Brazil France, Russia United Kingdom, Morocco, Thailand, Japan Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar Titles for the Head of State President Prime Minister King or Queen King

Who’s involved in diplomatic affairs?  Head of government, head of state--other diplomats? Head representative of a country’s foreign affairs office Ambassadors Civil servants Foreign service officers Country Title United States Secretary of State United KingdomForeign Secretary FranceMinister of State China Minister of Foreign Affairs

 Represent state affairs  Must be formally appointed  Policy representative  Symbolic  Substantive  Observer and reporter  Negotiator  Bureaucratic functions

What influences negotiations? 2 Main Influences: 1) National power 2) 2-level games

Aspects of National Power  Multifaceted  Dynamic, not static  Hard v. soft  Coercive v. persuasive  Tangible v. intangible  Tanks v. good leadership  Relative  Regional power  Nuclear power  Economic power

National Power : State Characteristics  Sovereignty  Government type, corruption, bureaucratic efficiency, leadership  Population  Age, health, education, morale, diversity, size  Territory  Size, climate, terrain, natural resources  Resources  Factor endowments, industrialization, labor supply

National Power : National Infrastructure  Technical structures  Roads, airways, railroad tracks  Electric grids, telephone lines, fiber-optic cables  Waste management, storm drains  Hospitals, schools, post offices  How many people have access?  Transportation  Planes, trains, automobiles  Information & Communications  Radios, TVs, computers, telephones, cell phones, newspapers, addresses

2-Level Games  Constrained by both domestic and international factors/ influences  One level Between two or more state’s diplomats  Another level Between the diplomat and the domestic population  Intermestic issues Let’s build a road in Kentucky  Both levels affect decisions

Negotiations take place on two levels: Diplomat Diplomat with hat One level of negotiations: between diplomats One level of negotiations: between diplomat & people

Example of 2-level game situation: Eurozone crisis Domestic Level- Greeks International Level Domestic Level- Germans Protesting against changes; government needs to act to save Greek economy Need to coordinate economic policy Germans upset their country/ money has to bailout irresponsible members

Who’s involved in policy making? 1. Executive branch 2. Legislative branch 3. Bureaucrats 4. Interest groups 5. Population 6. Media 7. Political opposition

Different Negotiation Environments  Hostile Diplomacy  Armed/potential armed  Adversarial Diplomacy  Little chance of conflict  Coalition Diplomacy  Cooperation to solve issue  Mediation Diplomacy  Third party to help in stalemate

 About diplomacy  What do diplomats do?  What influences negotiations?  Who’s influences foreign policy making?  What are the different negotiation settings?