Heads up! Before we begin … Chapter 1 Heads up! Before we begin … You will be learning A LOT of new terms and words in this class. At the beginning of each chapter is a list of Key Terms. You will be expected to KNOW these terms for the chapter test. As we proceed in class - make notes of new terms that we discuss AND their definitions & examples! Plain & simple – You will have to memorize these terms …. AND the people that we will learn about.

Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY HOLT Psychology 4/23/2017 Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Section 1: Why Study Psychology? Section 2: What Psychologists Do Section 3: A History of Psychology Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives Chapter 1

Section Reading Questions HOLT Psychology Chapter 1 4/23/2017 Section Reading Questions What are the goals of psychology, and how is psychology a science? What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization? 3. How has the study of psychology developed over time? 4. What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology? How has the study of psychology developed over time? Chapter 1

Section 1: Why study psychology? HOLT Psychology Chapter 1 4/23/2017 Section 1: Why study psychology? Why did you take this class? What is psychology? Do you know? “…the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” How? Observe and measure. COGNITION (another word you will see is cognitive) thought processes emotions >Another definition of psychology would be: the science of mental life >How do psychologists study behavior and mental processes? They OBSERVE and MEASURE. >Psychologists seek to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Let’s look at behavior. What are some examples? > waking up this morning, getting out of bed, laughing (these activities are OBSERVABLE by other people) What about your heartbeat? Or brain activity? Are these activities observable? How? >What about mental processes? MENTAL PROCESSES and here is where you have a new word – you will also see this written as COGNITION and COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES ….. It has to do with thought processes – things like perception, remembering, problem solving, decision making … Thoughts! Dreams! But these activities can’t be observed! How do we know that these activities are going on? Can we measure thoughts or dreams or memories? Brain waves measure brain activity … but thoughts - dreams – memories are private mental processes. >Psychologists are also interested in studying people’s EMOTIONS -- … can affect both behavior AND mental processes. You had emotions about coming into this class … first day … maybe you didn’t know me …. -- you probably felt a little anxious or nervous. Your heart rate probably went up … which causes your blood pressure to rise. These behaviors can be measured and therefore observed, right? But your thoughts? No – only when you tell someone can those PRIVATE MENTAL PROCESSES be observed. Chapter 1

Question: What are the goals of psychology? Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? Question: What are the goals of psychology? Psychologists have the same goals as scientists. Observe Describe behavior Explain Predict Control

Question: How is psychology a science? Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? Question: How is psychology a science? Psychology is a social science. History, anthropology, economics, political science, sociology …all deal with the structure of human society and the nature of the individuals But is this REAL science like biology or chemistry? …. answer questions by applying the steps involved in scientific research … conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions Research Surveys and experiments

Section 2: What do psychologists do? Chapter 1 Section 2: What do psychologists do? Psychologists accept that something is true ONLY if the evidence shows it is so. Some are interested in RESEARCH – investigating and forming theories – and finally testing those theories Others apply knowledge through THERAPY to help people. And finally there are those who TEACH in classrooms and workshops.

Question: What are their areas of specialization? Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do Question: What are their areas of specialization? AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Clinical – the largest group – treat psychological problems Counseling – treat adjustment problems School – deal with students who have problems that interfere with learning Educational Psychologist – focus on course planning and instructional methods

Question: What are their areas of specialization? Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do Question: What are their areas of specialization? AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations Experimental Psychologist – conduct research into basic processes

Question: What are their areas of specialization? Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do Question: What are their areas of specialization? AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment Consumer Psychologist – study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior

Question: What are their areas of specialization? Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do Question: What are their areas of specialization? AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Forensic Psychologist – are concerned with how psychological problems give rise to criminal behavior Health Psychologist – study the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health

Psychology Today: Psychology as a Profession Chapter 1 Section 3: A History of Psychology Psychology Today: Psychology as a Profession

Psychology Today: Where are psychologists employed? Chapter 1 Section 3: A History of Psychology Psychology Today: Where are psychologists employed?

Question: How has the study of psychology developed over time? Chapter 1 Section 3: A History of Psychology Question: How has the study of psychology developed over time? Psychology is as old as human history.

Roots from Ancient Greece Chapter 1 Roots from Ancient Greece …really began with ancient philosphy. Socrates (469-399 BCE) “Know thyself.” Learn about yourself through self-examination ~ introspection Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Human behavior is subject to certain rules and laws.

The ancient Greeks theorized about various psychological problems. Chapter 1 The ancient Greeks theorized about various psychological problems. …believed that the gods punished people by causing them confusion and madness. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) …caused by abnormalities in the brain

Chapter 1 The Middle Ages …believed that agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons …punishment for sins or deals made with the devil Tests were used to determine if a person was possessed.

The birth of modern science Chapter 1 The birth of modern science In the mid 16th century, Copernicus looked to the skies and Versalius wrote about the workings of the human body – est. the basis for modern science. …leading to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s. …ideas about human behavior and mental processes should be supported by EVIDENCE.

Wilhelm Wundt and the School of Structuralism Chapter 1 Wilhelm Wundt and the School of Structuralism 1879~first formal psychological laboratory in the world (Leipzig) …founded structuralism the study of the elements of consciousness what was it? What was it made of? What was its structure??

William James and the School of Functionalism HOLT Psychology Chapter 1 4/23/2017 William James and the School of Functionalism … how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment – what were their functions?? The Principles of Psychology (1890) considered by many as the first modern psychology textbook … how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment – what were their functions?? Chapter 1

John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism Chapter 1 John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism …believed that it is unscientific to study consciousness claimed that psychology was not concerned with the mind or with human consciousness …study should be limited to observable, measurable events – BEHAVIOR humans could be studied objectively, like rats and apes Defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior.

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement Chapter 1 B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement …when an animal is reinforced (rewarded), for performing an action, it is more likely to perform that action again in the future …people learn the same way animals do People learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Chapter 1 The Gestalt School …context influences people’s interpretation of information …much learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight, not by mechanical repetition

Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis Chapter 1 Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis …emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior …most of what fills an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes People’s behavior is aimed at satisfying these impulses – even though some may be socially inappropriate or unacceptable People often fool themselves about the real motives for their behavior.

Chapter 1 Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology? Each perspective emphasizes different topics of investigation and has different approaches.

Chapter 1 Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology? Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors Evolutionary – physical traits, social behavior Cognitive – interpretation of mental images, thinking, language Humanistic – self-concept Psychoanalytic – environmental influences, learning, observational learning Learning – effects of experience on behavior Sociocultural – ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status

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Chapter 1 Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives Main topic