Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition Physical Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Genetic Foundations Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information. Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes. DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made. Artville Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Boy or Girl? The twenty-third pair consists of Figure 3.1 – A karyotype, or photograph, of human chromosomes. The twenty-third pair consists of sex chromosomes. In females, this pair is called XX, in males this pair is called XY. This cell donor is male. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Periods of Prenatal Development Length Key Events Zygote 2 weeks Fertilization Implantation Start of placenta Embryo 6 weeks Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks “Growth and finishing” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Period of the Fetus The fetus at 11 weeks. © Lennart Nillson, A Child is Born /Bonners The fetus at 11 weeks. It can kick, bend its arms, open and close its hands and mouth and suck its thumb. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.8 - Sensitive periods in prenatal development. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Teratogens: things that cause malformation Drugs Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Maternal Diseases Freephotos.com Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Factors That Affect Harm from Teratogens Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age at time of exposure Artville Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Exercise Nutrition Emotional Stress Age Previous Births RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Imitation Newborns can imitate Harder to induce in older babies Some suggest it is a reflex Capacity improves with age Helps infants learn Mirror neurons Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Some Milestones of Reaching Figure 4.9 Some milestones of reaching. © Laura Dwight Photography; © Michael Siluk/The Image Works; © Laura Dwight Photography; © Elizabeth Crows/The Image Works Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Developments in Hearing 4 – 7 months Sense of musical phrasing 6 – 8 months “Screen out” sounds from non-native languages Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language 8 – 9 months Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed of senses at birth Unable to see long distances, focus clearly Scan environment and try to track interesting objects Color vision improves in first two months RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability Figure 4.12 View of the human face by the newborn and adult. From Kellman & Anterberry, 2006; Slater, 2001 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision: 2 months: focus and color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking 6–7 months: depth perception Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Steps in Pattern Perception 3 weeks Poor contrast sensitivity Prefers large simple patterns 2 months Can detect detail in complex patterns Scans internal features of patterns 4 Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12 Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life Figure 4.15 - The way two checkerboards differing in complexity look to infants in the first few weeks of life. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Periods of Physical Growth 20% of Lifespan Seven Years 16% of Lifespan A Few Weeks 2% of Lifespan Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Growth Curve: Velocity Figure 5.1b Velocity curve for height. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Changes in Body Proportions During puberty, growth proceeds in the reverse direction of that in infancy and early childhood. The hands, legs, and feet accelerate first, followed by the torso. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Changes in Fat-Muscle Makeup Birth/ Infancy Peaks at 9 months Girls have more Added slowly Childhood From around age 8, girls add more fat on arms, legs, trunk than boys Adolescence Girls add Boys lose Boys add much more than girls Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sex Differences in Gross Motor Skills Physical Childhood: small differences Adolescence: boys develop more strength, speed, endurance Social More athletic pressure on boys May lead to more practice Freephotos.com Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Major Milestones of Brain Development Figure 5.9 - Major milestones of brain development. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 5.102 - The left side of the human brain, showing the cerebral cortex. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Lateralization of Cerebral Cortex Left Hemisphere Sensory information and control of right side of body Verbal abilities Positive emotion Sequential, analytical processing Right Hemisphere Sensory information and control of left side of body Spatial abilities Negative emotion Holistic, integrative processing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sensitive Periods in Brain Development Stimulation vital when brain is growing rapidly Experience-Expectant Growth Ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to grow normally Experience-Dependent Growth Additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences Freephotos.com Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Factors That Affect Physical Growth Heredity Nutrition Infectious Disease Emotional Well-Being Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Nutrition in Childhood Appetite becomes unpredictable Like of familiar foods Need high-quality diet Social environment influences food choices Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods Emotional climate, parental pressure Poverty Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Potential Nutrition Problems Little focus on eating Too few meals with family Not enough fruits and vegetables Too many fried foods and soft drinks Poverty and lack of nutritional food Corbis Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Malnutrition Types Consequences Physical symptoms Marasmus Kwashiorkor Iron-deficiency anemia Food insecurity Physical symptoms Growth and weight problems Poor motor development Learning, attention problems Passivity, irritability, anxiety Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Health Risks for Obese Children More likely to be overweight adults Health risks Blood pressure, cholesterol Respiratory problems Diabetes Liver, gall bladder disease Sleep, digestive disorders Cancer Early death Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Causes of Obesity Overweight parents Early rapid growth or malnutrition Low SES Family eating habits Response to food cues Low physical activity Television Cultural dietary conditions Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

TV Viewing & Body Fat Gains Figure 5.13 - Relationship of television viewing to gains in body fat from ages 4 to 11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity Feeling unattractive Stereotyping Teasing, social isolation Depression Problem behaviors Less schooling, lower income, marriage problems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Conceptions of Adolescence Biological Perspective Puberty Storm and Stress Social Perspective Cultural influences Balanced Point of View Both biological and social influences Corbis Images Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Psychological and Emotional Reactions to Puberty Reactions to menarche and spermarche vary Preparation Rites of passage Adolescent moodiness Parent-child conflict RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Adolescent Emotions Across the Week Figure 5.14 - Younger and older adolescents’ emotional experiences across the week. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sleep Habits in Adolescence Still need almost as much sleep but go to bed later Biological “phase delay” Social habits Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion Lower achievement Mood problems High-risk behaviors Corbis Images Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Consequences of Timing of Puberty Girls Boys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence More deviant behavior Negative body image More long-term problems Popular Confident, independent Positive body image Late Maturing Sociable, lively, school leaders Unpopular Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal Early puberty Tendency to violate norms Little religious involvement Family Step, single-parent, or large family Weak parental monitoring, parent-child communication Peer Sexually active friends or siblings Educational Poor school performance Low educational goals Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Risks for Teen Mothers Less educational achievement More time as single parents Economic problems Pregnancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills DigitalVision Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.