Upper & Lower Canada and Western Expansion

Recap Seven Years’ War Seven Years’ War Britain gains North America Britain gains North America American Revolution American Revolution Loyalists flee America Loyalists flee America Settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec Settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec

On the East Coast Settlements crop up all over NS Settlements crop up all over NS - Shelburne, Birchtown, Antigonish NB is partitioned from NS NB is partitioned from NS –Fredericton (Capital), St. John major settlement Some travel to P.E.I. as well Some travel to P.E.I. as well –PEI had been settled by French in 1720, but taken by the British in the Seven Years War –PEI was governed by NS until 1769 when it was granted its own government

In Quebec Loyalists given 200 acres of land each and supplies to begin settlements Loyalists given 200 acres of land each and supplies to begin settlements Founded towns further and further west Founded towns further and further west English Protestant Loyalists did not want to live in French Catholic Quebec English Protestant Loyalists did not want to live in French Catholic Quebec They preferred to create new settlements They preferred to create new settlements

1791 By 1791 English settlers wanted to have their own government By 1791 English settlers wanted to have their own government On Dec Britain signed the Constitution Act which divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada On Dec Britain signed the Constitution Act which divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada Upper Canada= Ontario today Upper Canada= Ontario today Lower Canada= Quebec today Lower Canada= Quebec today

Northwest Company In 1783 Montreal merchants create the Northwest Company In 1783 Montreal merchants create the Northwest Company This is competition for HBC This is competition for HBC Explorers working for NWC explored much of the west Explorers working for NWC explored much of the west –Alexander Mackenzie –Simon Fraser

NWC cont… HQ was in Montreal, but had trading posts all the way to the other side of the Rockies (B.C.) HQ was in Montreal, but had trading posts all the way to the other side of the Rockies (B.C.) By 1795 selling furs directly to China By 1795 selling furs directly to China Business bad because HBC had Rupert’s land Business bad because HBC had Rupert’s land To compete in 1803 claimed Nunavut To compete in 1803 claimed Nunavut

Losing the Market By 1810 the fur trade was dying By 1810 the fur trade was dying Wars with France meant timber was more important for Britain Wars with France meant timber was more important for Britain Over-hunting meant fewer and fewer beavers Over-hunting meant fewer and fewer beavers By 1821 the companies had to merge By 1821 the companies had to merge 97 NWC and 76 HBC trading posts merged under HBC 97 NWC and 76 HBC trading posts merged under HBC

British Columbia First Europeans here were Spanish First Europeans here were Spanish However no permanent settlements were made However no permanent settlements were made James Cook arrives and trades (big $) James Cook arrives and trades (big $) Now both Spain and Britain want to settle Now both Spain and Britain want to settle By 1795 Britain removes Spain from the area (never amounts to open war) By 1795 Britain removes Spain from the area (never amounts to open war)

By 1800 British North America consists of five separate colonies British North America consists of five separate colonies –Upper Canada –Lower Canada –New Brunswick –Nova Scotia –PEI Each has elected governments and law- making power Each has elected governments and law- making power There were also NFLD, Rupert’s Land, NWT, and B.C. There were also NFLD, Rupert’s Land, NWT, and B.C.