English Peppered Moth Example

Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution English Peppered Moth Example

Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and Peter Grant In dry years average beak depth increases -birds with large bills survive better -more large seeds available In wet years average beak depth decreases -birds with small bills survive better -more small seeds available

Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean) Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

The Experiment Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools What happened?? Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass

Inorganic Chemistry Atom, Molecule Subatomic Particles: protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons Atomic number = # protons Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons # Protons = # Electrons

Isotopes Differ in number of neutrons 12 C 6p 6n 6e- 14 C 6p ?n 6e- 14 C 6p 8n 6e- Isotopes are radioactive Can be used as tracers Can date materials

Dangers of Isotopes? 1986 Chernobyl 1979 Three Mile Island Strontium?

Energy Capacity to do work Potential vs. Kinetic Different states of potential energy for electrons Electron arrangement in outer shell 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen

Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons

Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen

WATER: polar covalent and hydrogen bonds

Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion: holds water together within a vessel Adhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity

High Surface Tension

Properties of water: (Due to hydrogen bonding) Cohesion/Adhesion High surface tension High specific heat High heat of vaporization Lower density as a solid than a liquid Good solvent Solute + Solvent = Solution

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar)

Acids, Bases and Buffers Acid: high H + Base: low H + pH: measure of H +

Acid Rain: Destroys Lakes

Buildings and Statues

Ocean Acidification Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion Oceans absorb carbon dioxide Ocean acidification: CO 2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH) Less carbonate for reef calcification

CO 2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral Coral reefs increase biodiversity, protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism

Figure 4.9 P. 64

Origin of life (Miller)

ATP = Cellular Energy

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

How macromolecules are made and broken down

Monosaccharides- 1 sugar Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide

Linear and Ring Forms

Disaccharides- 2 sugars 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

Cellulose

Storage Polysaccharides Starch storage molecules in plants -repeating units of glucose Glycogen storage of glucose in animals Cellulose also polymer of glucose in plants, but different 3-D configuration Makes up cell walls in plants Difficult to digest Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects

Lipids

Saturated: no double bonds saturated with H Solid at room temp. Unsaturated: double bonds cause bends Liquid at room temp.

Phospholipids Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Properties of water shape cell membranes

Amino Acids

How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure-globular

Quaternary Structure

Nucleic Acids

DNA