SPI.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Life is Cellular SPI.1.1 Identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes.   SPI.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic No Nucleus No Membrane Covered Organelles Circular DNA Eukaryotic Nucleus Membrane covered organelles Linear DNA

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell wall & membrane Chloroplast & Mitochondria Large Vacuole Animal Cell membrane Mitochondria Small to no vacuole

Eukaryotic Components Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall) Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria (& Chloroplast) Golgi Complex Vesicle Vacuole Lysosome

Cell Membrane Made of phospholipids Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

Cell Membrane Functions: Keep in cytoplasm Allow in nutrients Excrete waste

Cell Wall Found in plants and algae Made of cellulose Carb

Cell Wall Functions Strength Support Prevents the tearing of the cell membrane

Nucleus Functions: Contains DNA Contains Nucleolus Control center Stores genetic info Instructs protein synthesis Contains DNA Contains Nucleolus Make ribosomes

Ribosomes Makes proteins Smallest organelle No membrane Proteins = amino acids Smallest organelle No membrane Made of RNA

Cytoskeleton Network of filaments & tubes that cross in the cytosol Functions Give shape (tent) Tracks to move items

Endoplasmic Reticulum AKA – ER Functions as the intracellular highway Two types Rough ER Smooth ER

Rough ER Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes Produces: Phospholipids Proteins Most abundant: Digestive Antibody producing

Smooth ER No ribosomes on surface Less than rough ER Functions Produces estrogen & testosterone Detoxifies in liver & kidney

Chloroplast Plants and algae Contains chlorophyll Traps sunlight Performs photosynthesis

Mitochondria Where most of the ATP is produced Produced in the inner membrane ATP= energy Needs oxygen

Endosymbiotic Theory Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria Chloroplast = cyanobacteria

Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence Own DNA Double membrane Binary Fission (independent) Size Own ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus Process and ships out proteins & other materials out of the cell Close to cell membrane Modify the ER products Add carb labels = direction to other cells

Lysosomes Special vesicles that contain enzymes Originate from Golgi Functions Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food Destroy worn out organelles Rid cell of waste

Vacuoles Store water for the cell Large in plant cells Supports the cell Wilting

Movement Through Membranes SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes.   SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport

Cell Membrane Lipid Bilayer Protein channels Carbohydrate chains phospholipids Protein channels Allows molecules to pass Carbohydrate chains Cell to cell recognition

Selectively Permeable Selective = picky Permeable = allows things to pass through

Selectively Permeable

Solutions A homogenous mixture in a liquid form Mixture = solute + solvent Solute – dissolved particles Solvent – dissolving liquid Usually water Solutions are formed by diffusion

Solutions Solvent Solution Solutes

The Formation of a Sugar-Water Solution

Concentrations = 4 g/L __Mass of Solute__ Volume of Solution Concentration of Solution = Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration? 4 g/L

Movement Across Membranes Passive – NO energy required Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Ion Channels Active – Energy Required Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis

Diffusion Movement of particles across membranes Move by concentration gradient High conc.  Low conc. No energy required Goal = Equilibrium Rate determined by steepness of gradient

Diffusion Demonstration Dialysis tubing = selectively permeable membrane Phenolthalien - Indicator Base – pink Iodine – indicator Starch - black

Osmosis The diffusion of water across a membrane Movement determined by solute concentrations Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic

Hypotonic Solutions LOWER concentration of solutes

Hypertonic Solutions HIGHER concentration of solutes

Isotonic Solutions Equal concentrations of solutes

Water Movement (Osmosis) Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution Isotonic water moves both ways

Effects of Osmosis

Osmosis in Blood Cells

Facilitated Diffusion Movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane by protein channels No energy required Moved by concentration gradients Ex: Glucose

Active Transport Movement of particles through proteins against the normal direction of diffusion Lower conc.  higher conc.

Ion Pumps Na-/K+ pumps 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient Na-/K+ pumps 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein ATP opens protein by changing channel shape Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+ into cell

Endocytosis Cells surround a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell

Exocytosis Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes

Organization of Life Chapter 7 Section 4

Unicellular Organisms Single celled organism Prokaryotes Bacteria Eukaryotes Yeast Colonial Volvox

Multicellular Organisms Organisms composed of many cells Cells work as groups for specialized functions

Specialized Cells They will have specialized functions Examples Bone Blood Skin

Organization Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Tissues Examples

Organs Animal Stomach Plants Roots

Organ Systems Failure of one part can affect the others in the system Digestive

Organism Unicellular Multicellular

After Organisms? Populations Communities Ecosystem