Objectives Understand which artists were responsible for bringing the Italian Renaissance to the North. Identify the works of individual artists. Define the role played by the Reformation in the works of some sixteenth century artists. Recognize how the Renaissance spread throughout Europe.

Peeps You Should Know Reformation:  Martin Luther of Germany  John Calvin of Switzerland  King Henry VIII of England  Printing Press

Historical Context Leading the Catholic cause during the Reformation was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Religious strife impacted patronage Reformation = Destruction of Religious Art  Iconoclasm Still life became increasingly popular

Early 16 th Century in Germany Albrecht Durer and Matthias Grunewald  Renaissance Top Dawgs in Germany Durer Observation of natural world Grunewald German mysticism and emotional spirituality Germany = Strong Businesses

Isenheim Altarpiece Closed = Shocking image of the Crucifixion  Gruesome Detail  Lamb Predella = Lamentation Opened = Happy Events  Annunciation  Nativity  Resurrection

Isenheim Altarpiece Matthias Grunewald

Durer…The German Michelangelo Apprenticed as a goldsmith and stained glass design Famous for painting and woodcuts Traveled to extend his education Trip to Italy introduced him to Renaissance ideas and attitudes His prints made his living

Represents himself as an idealized Christ-like figure Triangle shape = unity Self-Portrait Albrecht Durer 1500 Self-Portrait

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Based on figures in Revelations Conquest – War – Plague/Famine – Death Intense overlap Attention to detail

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Albrecht Durer Engraving

Adam and Eve Represents his first use of ideal human proportions Based on Greco-Roman sculpture Depicts nature in naturalistic detail Body fluids controlled human temperament  Excess of Black Bile = Melancholy = Elk  Excess of Yellow Bile = Anger = Cat  Phlegm = Lethargy = Ox  Excess of Blood = Optimism and Pleasure of the Flesh = Rabbit  Mouse = Satan  Parrot = False Wisdom

Adam and Eve Albrecht Durer 1504 Engraving

Four Apostles Durer admired Martin Luther Professed his Lutheranism in these panels Left  Elderly Peter: Back  John: Front  “In the beginning was the Word” Right  Mark: Back  Paul: Front

Four Apostles Albrecht Durer 1526 Oil on Wood

“For a Christian would no more be led to superstition by a picture or effigy than an honest man to commit murder because he carries a weapon by his side. He must be an unthinking man who would worship picture, wood, or stone. A picture therefore brings more good than harm, when it is honourably, artistically, and well made.”  Durer

Nymph of the Spring Lucas Cranach the Elder Luther’s favorite painter Inspired by Italian artists  Hence nudity Sleeping Nymph = Renaissance theme NOT ancient

Nymph of the Spring Lucas Cranach 1537 Oil on Wood

Danube Landscape Landscape without figures became popular in 16 th century Most famous landscape painter was Albrecht Altdorfer No religious significance Just pretty

Danube Landscape Albrecht Altdorfer 1525 Oil

Renaissance Art in France Catholics V. Protestants Edict of Nantes  Granted tolerance to Protestants  1598 King Francis I = great patron of the arts

Francis I Jean Clouet  Royal portrait painter Created an image of power Francis I Jean Clouet 1525 Oil/Tempera on Wood

Chateau of Chenonceau Chateau = Rural Palace Reflects classical principles of symmetry Chateau of Chenonceau France

Palais du Louvre Modernized by Francis I Replaced the west wing  Cour Carre French Flamboyant Style Cour Carre Palais Du Louvre Pierre Lescot 1546 Paris

Spain and Portugal High point of political power King Phillip =  art collector  Navy = Spanish Armada  Halted the advance of Islam in the Mediterranean

El Escorial Monastery complex Outside Madrid Built by Phillip  Summoned Juan Bautista de Toledo from Italy  Used Bramante’s principles of design HUGE Embodies Italian classicism in its geometric clarity and symmetry

El Escorial Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera 1563 Madrid

El Greco “The Greek” Trained as an icon painter  Byzantine Manner Native of Crete Studied in Titian’s studio Settled in Toledo, Spain

Burial of Count Orgaz Commissioned by the Orgaz family Count Orgaz = Church benefactor Saints Augustine and Stephen were said to have lowered his body in the tomb Filled the space with portraits of local aristocracy and religious peeps Eliminated spatial setting  Sound familiar???

Burial of Count Orgaz El Greco 1586 Oil

View of Toledo Mystical Naturalism V. POWER OF NATURE View of Toledo El Greco 1610 Oil on Canvas

Netherlands 16 th century = Bitter religious and political conflict Led artists to to seek patronage outside the Church Carel van Mander = The Flemish Vasari  Recorded artists Characterized by Imaginative art

Bosch Fantastic imagination Religious Labeled a mystic and social critics

Garden of Earthly Delights Triptych Christian belief of human being’s natural state of sinfulness Right = Damned Left = Adam and Eve Center = Everything you shouldn’t do  Gluttony  Lust  Greed  Sloth Strawberry = Sexual symbolism Converted into a tapestry

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary Jan Gossaert  Served Phillip Influenced by  Jan Van Eyck  Italian Mannerism  Ancient Rome Artists studio scene  Classical structures Mary and Christ appear to Saint Luke in a vision Saint guided by an angel Moses in the background

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary Jan Gossaert 1520 Oil

The Banker and His Wife Marinus van Reymerswaele  Painted “everyman” Banker counts his money Recalls the sins of lust and greed

The Banker and His Wife Marinus van Reymerswaele 1540 Oil

Caterina van Hemessen Portraits became a major source of work for artists as religious art declined  Reformations fault Caterina from Antwerp Learned to paint by her father Self-Portrait Caterina van Hemmessen 1548 Oil

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Began his career by imitating Bosch Often painted large narrative works Crowded figures Moralizing and satirical subject matter Traveled Italy Reflected contemporary social, political, and religious conditions

Fall of Icarus Peter Bruegel the Elder 1555 Oil

Pieter Bruegel the Elder The Tower of Babel Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder The Flemish Proverbs Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel, The Flemish Proverbs (DETAILS), 1559.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder The Hunters In the Snow Oil on panel.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder The Peasant Wedding Oil on panel.

England Tudor dyansty Music, literature, and art flourished Henry VIII  Loyal to the Catholic Church…At first  Broke with the church and became head of the Church of England  Dissolved monasteries Elizabethan Age = 16 th Century Lots of royal portraits

Henry VIII Han Holbein Appointed court painter French fashion Enhanced Henry’s figure Henry VIII Hans Holbein the Younger 1540 Oil

Princess Elizabeth Painted by levina Bening Teerlinc Designed Elizabeth’s first official seal Princess Elizabeth Levina Teerlinc 1559 Oil

Hardwick Hall Home of Countess Elizabeth Medieval Hall Hardwick Hall Robert Smythson 1591 England