UNDERSTANDING THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
What is the ESA? Federal Law : 1973 (USA), 1976 (Canada) protecting wildlife & plants Conserve & recover species in danger of extinction Preserve ecosystems that sensitive species depend upon Each State also has their own laws protecting species
FEDERAL AGENCIES IN CHARGE U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Dept. of Interior Terrestrial & freshwater species plus migratory birds National Marine Fisheries Service in the Dept. of Commerce Marine, estuarine, & anadromous species
Examples of Federally Listed Species
Bull trout
Mexican spotted owl
San Joaquin kit fox
Oregon silverspot
Giant kangaroo rat
California jewelflower
Indiana bat
Canada lynx
Piping plover
Desert tortoise
Number of U.S. Listed Species per Calendar Year Calendar Year Total Number (cumulative)
Species Recovery Plans Restore populations to sustainable levels –Stop & reverse decline, remove threats –Habitat protection or restoration, removal of exotic species, clean up pollution, captive breeding USFWS, State & Federal Agencies, Universities, private institutions, local stakeholders May take years
USFWS Habitat Conservation Plans Agreements with private landowners: allow resource harvest or development on part of their land if endangered species on their property benefit overall –Restore habitat, fund conservation research, remove exotic species 250 HCP’s (200 in progress) –18.5 million acres
Bald Eagle – Listed 1973 >100,000 pairs in lower 48 states –417 pairs Hunting, DDT Downlisted (Threatened) 1995 Still Endangered in California ESA Successes
American Peregrine Falcon Listed 1970 (324 pairs) DDT 6,000 breed in captivity & released De-listed ,300 breeding pairs (41 states)
More Recovered Species Canada Goose Gray Whale Columbian white-tailed Deer Red Kangaroo
International Wildlife Treaties U.S./Canada/Mexico Trilateral Committee for Wildlife & Ecosystem Conservation & Management (1996) CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975) –164 member countries –Protects & regulates trade in endangered species (live specimens & products) –> 700 species listed
American Alligator (>1 million in the wild now) Listed 1967, De-listed 1987 Hunting & Habitat Destruction
American Peregrine Falcon
PRIMARY ROLE OF THE FEDERAL LEAD AGENCIES (e.g. FWS, NMFS) Identification and listing of species and critical habitats. Administration of coordination & consultation provisions. Developing recovery plans.
DEFINITIONS Critical habitat: Areas with physical or biological features that are essential to a species conservation Both occupied range & its former range –Areas may require protection or special management
SOME DEFINITIONS: Endangered---In danger of extinction in foreseeable future throughout its range, e.g. Steelhead, California Condor Threatened---Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future throughout its range, e.g. Piping plover, Bog turtle. Species---Any species, subspecies, or distinct population segment
DEFINITIONS (continued) Take ---To harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. –Violation of law carries criminal penalties.