Jeffrey F. Scherrer 1,2, Hong Xian 2,3, Julia D. Grant 1, Kathleen K. Bucholz 1 1 Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,

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Jeffrey F. Scherrer 1,2, Hong Xian 2,3, Julia D. Grant 1, Kathleen K. Bucholz 1 1 Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 2 Veterans Administration Medical Center- Research Service, St. Louis, MO. 3 Dept Internal Med., Div. of Gen. Med. Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO The Magnitude of Genetic and Environmental Influences Common to Co-morbid Alcoholism and Marijuana Problem Use is Stable Across Diagnostic Phenotypes

INTRODUCTION Alcohol Dependence (AD) and Marijuana Dependence (MJD) are often co-morbid disorders Previous analyses of Vietnam Era Twin Registry (VETR) data has suggested common genetic risk at the symptom level diagnoses Past research has not investigated if the common genetic and environmental risks are similar for varying diagnostic phenotypes Does the genetic architecture underlying alcohol and marijuana problem use vary by diagnostic phenotype?

METHODS Subjects and data collection Male-Male twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry Both twins served during Vietnam Era ( ) 6,711 twins answered questions about alcohol and marijuana use in 1992 administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS)

Eligibility criteria for current study -Participated in 1992 telephone admin. of DIS -Data available from both members of a twin pair -Data complete for alcohol and marijuana

Alcohol and Marijuana Phenotypes  dependence only  abuse/dependence  severity (unaffected, abuse only, dependence only)

- Genetic model fitting - Bivariate Cholesky models - Lisrel and MX software A Alcohol CE ACE Marijuana

RESULTS Prevalence of alcohol and marijuana phenotypes Alcohol abuse only19.3% Alcohol dependence only35.2% Alcohol abuse/dependence54.5% Marijuana abuse only0.6% Marijuana dependence only6.6% Marijuana abuse/dependence7.2%

Distribution of Co-morbid Alcohol and Marijuana Abuse and Dependence UnaffectedAbuseDependence Unaffected % 6 0.2% % Abuse % 7 0.5% % Dependence % % % Marijuana Alcohol

Bivariate Model Fitting Results: Variance Component Estimates for Full and Best Fitting Models 1. Severity phenotype: full model Alcohol unaffected/abuse/dep Cannabis unaffected/abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %9.0%47.2%14.8%8.0%5.3%17.5%21.6%32.9% 2. Severity phenotype: best reduced model Alcohol unaffected/abuse/dep Cannabis unaffected/abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %--46.0%23.2%--4.5%--36.7%35.6%

1. Abuse/dependence phenotype: full model Alcohol abuse/dependence Cannabis abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %12.8%46.8%27.0%1.0%4.7%4.1%29.7%33.7% 2. Abuse/dependence phenotype: best reduced model Alcohol abuse/dependence Cannabis abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %--45.2%25.1%--4.4%--35.5%35.0%

1. Dependence phenotype: full model Alcohol dependence Cannabis abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %3.7%44.7%8.6%0%6.7%23.7%29.5%31.6% 2. Dependence phenotype: best reduced model Alcohol dependence Cannabis abuse/dependence Model Fit CommonSpecificAIC a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e2 a2a2 c2c2 e2e %--44.3%20.5%--5.2%--38.7%35.5% * AIC: Akaike Information Criterion – measure of parsimony

Path diagram for best fitting dependence model A Alcohol E CE Marijuana 55.7% ( ) 20.5% ( ) 44.3% ( ) 5.2% ( ) 35.5% ( ) 38.7% ( )

CONCLUSIONS Most co-morbidity accounted for by marijuana dependence among subjects with alcohol dependence Genetic factors account for 20% and unique environmental factors account for 5% of marijuana dependence co-morbid with alcohol dependence The genetic architecture was similar across phenotypes studied Further research should consider diagnostic phenotypes outside limitations of DSM that may be derived from factor analyses or latent class analyses

Primary Funding Sources: NIAAA grants AA11998, NIDA grants DA14363, DA00272 and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services, Research and Development Service and the Cooperative Studies Program (Study 992)