Natural Resources/ Environmental Science Understanding the Food Chain & Natural Selection

How do people get their names? Culture Family tradition Family names use the last names of people. Last names Could be that of its father but could be of its mother or a combination of the two. Given names are received at birth. Is your given name the same of a parent or grandparent?

Objectives Describe scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife. Identify life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife. Distinguish wildlife reproductive processes. Explain the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife. Describe the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species.

Terms Anatomy Asexual reproduction Biotic pyramid Circulatory system Class Cover Digestive system Excretory system Family Genus Integumentary system Invertebrates Kingdom Muscular system Nervous system Nutrient

Terms Order Phylum Physiology Respiratory system Scientific name Sexual reproduction Skeletal System Space Species Vertebrate

What is the scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife? Scientific classification is based on carefully obtained information about animals. A system of taxonomy is used consistently worldwide. Modern classification uses seven divisions or stages.

7 Divisions of Classification Kingdom – broadest classification. All living things are classified into five divisions: animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, and protista.

7 Divisions of Classification Phylum—second division is classification. The three most important phyla in studying wildlife are: chordata phylum, arthropoda phylum, and mollusca phylum.

7 Divisions of Classification Class—the third division in classification. Some important classes in the chordate phylum of animals are: Mammalia, Reptilia, and Aves.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) Order—consists of animals that are more alike than the class. Orders are based on feeding characteristics.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) Family—made up of animals that are more alike than the orders and are often based on anatomical features of animals. Genus—made up of very similar groups, but do not naturally breed with each other.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) Species—contains very similar individuals within the same genus. They are capable of breeding with each other, and are sometimes divided into subspecies.

Scientific Name Every animal species has a scientific name. Scientists use these names worldwide based on information about a species. The scientific name of an animal is a combination of the genus and species. The genus is the first capitalized work followed by the species name.

Scientific Name The scientific name is always written in italics or underlined. Scientific names will not change unless information results in a new name for the species.

Review

What are life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife? All animals have body systems that carry out life processes. Anatomy and physiology influence how organisms live and go about life processes. The way functions are carried out is influenced by the form of the organ systems.

Anatomy—the study of the form, shape, and appearance of animals. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy—the study of the form, shape, and appearance of animals. The differences are obvious to our eyes and make it possible for each species to sustain itself in its environment. Physiology—the study of the functions of parts of the anatomy.

Organ Systems Skeletal System—body framework that gives the body shape and protects the organs. Wildlife animals have skeletal systems make of bone, cartilage, or chitin. Animals with backbones are known as vertebrates. Animals without backbones or internal skeletons are called invertebrates.

What are the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife? Animals need food to live a long life and grow into healthy organisms. Nutritious food provides nutrients. Most animal food comes from two sources: plants and animals

Food Sources: plants & animals Plant food material is eaten by herbivores. Herbivores are at the bottom of the food chain. Animal food sources are eaten by carnivores and omnivores. These animals tend to be at the middle to the top of the food chain.

What are the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species? They must have life requirements that must be met by their habitat in order to insure their well-being. Habitat is the physical area in which members of a wildlife species live. Habitat supports life processes.

All organisms require food. Basic Requirements All organisms require food. A key component of food is energy. The source of energy for all living things is the sun. The biotic pyramid is a series of transfers of food energy from one organism to another.

Basic Requirements This is a graphical way of showing a food chain. An animal’s habitat needs to provide food year round.

Basic Requirements Water is a basic need of life. Water determines the species of plants that will grow in an area, and therefore determines the wildlife species that live there. Some examples of water sources for wildlife animals are lakes, streams, rivers, and creeks.

Basic Requirements Cover is the vegetation or other material that provides safety in a habitat. Animals use cover for nesting, resting, protection, and escaping danger from predators.

Space is the area or territory around an organism. Basic Requirements Space is the area or territory around an organism. Space provides air, food sources, and cover. Space requirements vary from year to year and the quality of habitat.

Review / Summary What is the scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife? What are life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife? What are the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife? What are the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species?

Reptiles Reptiles belong to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, and class Reptilia. Reptiles are have unique features in their circulatory, reproductive, respiratory, and excretory systems.

Circulatory Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart  The degree of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood varies depending on the species

Circulatory This three-chambered system is useful for more effective thermoregulation as well as longer diving times for aquatic reptiles Some hearts act like a four-chambered heart, but are anatomically a three-chambered

Reproductive Most reptiles reproduce sexually and lay eggs However, some species retain the eggs until they hatch internally, making it seem like a live birth.

Respiration All reptiles breath via lungs. Due to muscle formation, many reptiles cannot breath when in locomotion, with the exception of some turtles like the red-eared slider

Excretory Reptiles typically produce uric acid from the kidneys Turtles are able to produce urea like mammals They are unable to produce urine and so they absorb water in the colon and eliminate waste through the cloaca

Avian Birds and reptiles are thought to have originated very close to each other They share kingdoms and phylums, but birds are in the class Aves

Circulatory Birds have a four-chambered heart, which allows for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport. A Ruby-throated Hummingbird's heart beats up to 1200 times per minute (about 20 beats per second).

Reproduction Birds have no external sex organs. The male touches his cloaca with the female’s during mating and the female can store sperm for weeks to a year before eggs are fertilized. Birds lay eggs. Some offspring are born and live independently while others rely on their parents.

Respiratory Because of the high energy demand that accompanies flying, birds have developed an advance respiratory system. Birds have air sacs that store air. These sacs then release oxygen-rich air that mixes in the lungs with carbon dioxide.

Respiratory Avian lungs do not have alveoli, as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi. This system allows for better diffusion of gases in the blood.

Excretory Birds eliminate waste through the cloaca like reptiles. Birds excrete uric acid, a more concentrated form of waste to reduce the loss of water in their system.

Mammals Also in the kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, mammals contain similar structures. Mammals are in the class Mammalia

Circulatory Like birds, mammals are warm blooded. They have a four-chambered heart like birds. Mammals have developed a more complex circulatory system than other animals

Reproductive Mammals are divided into three “infraclasses”, monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. With exception of five monotremes, all mammals give birth to live young.

Respiratory Mammals have lungs like reptiles and birds, but have alveoli and a larger diaphragm (unlike birds). Reptiles also have a diaphragm, but it works in a different way.

Excretory Mammals digestion is vastly different and more complex than reptiles or avian species. Mammals typically have solid waste, or feces, and watered down urea from the kidneys called urine.

Venn Diagramming Create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting reptile and avian systems, then avian and mammal systems, and finally reptile and mammal systems.