1 Classification

2 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

3 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

4 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

5 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

6 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

7 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

8 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

9 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species)

10 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

11 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

12 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names This prevents duplicated names

13 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

14 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti

15

Ursus americanus American Black Bear

Human Taxonomy Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien

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19 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria consist of unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria consist of unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Domain Eukarya consist of more complex eukaryotes and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Domain Eukarya consist of more complex eukaryotes and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Domains

The grouping of organisms into domains and kingdoms is based on three factors: 1. Cell type 2. Cell number 3. Feeding type

1.Cell type – The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or cell wall. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Do not have: * A membrane bound nucleus * No membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes Do Have: * DNA * Ribosomes * Cytoplasm * Cell membrane

Typical Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotes Do Have: * A membrane bound Nucleus * Other smaller Organelles - any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Typical Eukaryotic Cell

2. Cell Number – whether the organism exist as a single cell or as many cells. Unicellular – single celled organism Multi-cellular – many celled organism

3. Feeding Type – How organisms get their food. Autotrophs – (producer) Makes it’s own food Heterotrophs – (consumer) Must eat other organisms to survive

29 DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) – Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles

30 ARCHAEAN

31 DOMAIN BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

32 Live in the intestines of animals

33 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …) Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)

34 Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic

35 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin

36 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose

37 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals

KingdomCell TypeCell Number Feeding Type Cell Wall ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularAutotrophsYes EubacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularBothYes ProtistaEukaryoteMost Unicellular BothYes And No FungiEukaryoteMost Multicellular HeterotrophYes PlantaeEukaryoteMulticellularAutotrophYes AnimaliaEukaryoteMulticellularHeterotrophNo

Animals Animals are divided into Phyla based on their different characteristics. Two major characteristics are Backbone a.Vertebrate b.Invertebrate 2. Symmetry a. Bilateral (mirror halves) b. Radial (circular) c. Asymmetry (no equal divisions) Symmetry - the trait of being made up of similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

Vertebrates There are five groups of vertebrates: Birds Fish Reptiles Amphibians Mammals

Amphibians *Have moist skin *Lay jelly coated eggs in water *Lives on land and water

Birds *Have feathers and hollow bones *Lay hard shelled eggs *Endotherm/Warm blooded

Fish *Have wet scales *Lays eggs in water *Live in water

Mammals *Have hair and produce milk *Give birth to live offspring *Endotherm/Warm blooded

Reptiles *Have dry scales *Lay leathery shelled eggs *Ectotherm/Cold blooded

Summary of Vertebrates

Invertebrates These are animals without a backbone There are eight groups of invertebrates: Mollusks Flatworms Annelids Roundworms Sponges Echinoderms Cnidarians Arthropods

Mollusks *Crawl on a single fleshy pad. *Can have a shell

Flatworms Have flat worm like bodies

Annelids *Have round worm like bodies *Have bodies divided into segments

Roundworms *Have long thin round worm like bodies *Have bodies with no segments

Sponges Have bodies made of loosely joined cells

Echinoderms *Have bodies divided into five parts *Have spiny outer covering

Cnidarians *Have thin sack like bodies *Have tentacles *Have stinging cells (nematocyst)

Arthropods Have lots of legs and segmented bodies. There are four group of arthropods: Arachnids Centipedes & Millipedes Crustaceans Insects

Arthropods - Arachnid *Have four pairs of legs. *Have bodies divided into two sections

Arthropods – Centipedes & Millipedes Have long thin bodies and pairs of legs on each of their many body sections

Arthropods - Crustacean *Have five-seven pairs of legs *First pair often used as pincers *Bodies covered in shell

Arthropods - Insects *Have three pairs of legs *Bodies divided into three sections *Often have wings

60 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

61 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

62 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

63 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

64 Primate Cladogram

65 Dichotomous Key Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

66 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5