Classification Taxonomy naming system for the organization of life. – Grouping or categorizing based on similarities Modern classification began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. In the life sciences, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. As the word "binomial" suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the combination of two terms: the genus name and the species descriptor.

Classification of living systems Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification 6 KINGDOMS Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Viruses are not classified as living. Viruses do however demonstrate reproductive capabilities like living things. They are smaller than bacterial cells! Used to be 1 kingdom- Monera (Bacteria only) }

The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom, Monera) – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria Eukaryotes – Fungi – Protista – Animal – Plantae unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria – Unicellular – Live in extreme environments – Prokaryotic

Eubacteria - Unicellular - Prokaryotic -“Common bacteria” Overview of the 6 kingdoms

Protista – Eukaryotic – Unicellular or colonial – Lots of different life styles Fungi – Cell walls made of chitin – Eukaryotic – Multicellular – External heterotrophs

9 Plantae MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – PhotosynthesisAbsorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose

10 Animalia MulticellularMulticellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animalsFeed on plants or animals

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Plantae – Eukaryotic & Multicellular – Cell walls made of cellulose – Autotrophic Animalia – Eukaryotic & Multicellular – No cell walls – Internal heterotrophs

12copyright cmassengale

Let’s look at an example of taxonomy in action!

Puma ? What is my name?

Devil Cat ? What is my name?

Ghost Cat ? What is my name?

My real name is Puma concolor

Binomial Nomenclature There are at least 50 common names for Puma concolor. Common names vary according to region, country or language. Soooo……why use a scientific name?

Two name system for writing scientific names. The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). The species name is written second (never capitalized). Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. The name is also in Latin (a dead language). Binomial Nomenclature

More examples- Panthera leoLion Africa (Asia) Panthera oncaJaguar N. & S. America Panthera pardusLeopard Africa, Asia, Europe Panthera tigrisTiger Asia Genus and species Common name Range

How many organisms are out there? Scientists currently estimate that – There are 10 million species worldwide – Over 5 million live in the tropics – Most unnamed species are small or microscopic

Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists Helps to show how organisms are related Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group

Organization of LIFE CELL – BASIC UNIT OF LIFE TISSUE- MANY CELLS ORGANS- MANY TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEMS-GROUPED ORGANS ORGANISMS – CONTAINS ORGAN GROUPS SPECIES- GROUPS OF THE SAME ORGANISM

24 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function)Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo developmentSimilar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of ProteinsMolecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

25 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

26 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale

27 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

28 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

29 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organismsUsed to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairsCharacteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organismRead both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

30 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale