Major Research Designs How Sociologists Gather their Data.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter Two Sociological Investigation
Advertisements

RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIOLOGY. LEAD-OFF ACTIVITY- PREDICT HOW YOU THINK CONDITION HAS CHANGE FROM 1900 TO 2000  _______________ times as many adults.
Splash Screen. Section 1-Preview When sociologists do quantitative research, they generally use either surveys or precollected data. Each has its own.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1 Psychology as a Science Theory development involves collecting interrelated ideas and observations Taken.
Chapter 2: Doing Sociology: Research Methods. What to Expect in This Chapter... What are Research Methods? What are Research Methods? Activities Comprising.
Sociological Research Chapter Two. Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Outline  Why is Sociological Research Necessary?  The Sociological.
Robert Wonser Introduction to Sociology
Chapter 3 Researching the Social World Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Research in Sociology. Research methods Factual or empirical questions only ask about the facts of an event and do not consider why or how the event occurs.
Research Methods Mr. Young Sociology
Sociological Research Methods and Techniques
Sociology Chapter 2. Section 1Research Methods Goal is to test common sense assumptions and replace false ideas with facts and evidence Focus on why and.
Sociological Research. 1. Why is sociological research so important? It is how sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behaviour It allows sociologists.
Research Methods Irving Goffman People play parts/ roles
Sociologists Doing Research
Ch. 2 – Sociologists Doing Research. Research Methods - Goal is to test common sense assumptions & replace false ideas w/ fact & evidence Limited Ability.
© 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Chapter 2 Sociological Investigation.
Methods of Media Research Communication covers a broad range of topics. Also it draws heavily from other fields like sociology, psychology, anthropology,
Research Methods in Sociology A great start to your great projects!
1 Chapter 1 Research Methods When sociologists do quantitative research, they generally use either surveys or precollected data.quantitative research Qualitative.
Sociological Research Methods Sociology: Chapter 2, Section 1.
The Research Enterprise in Psychology
Social Research Methods. Social Research Goal: Test common sense & peoples assumptions then replace with fact & evidence and make………… Definition: statement.
Assumes that events are governed by some lawful order
Food for thought (and discussion)… Scene in the movie “Sweet November”… Keanu Reeves’ character is out to dinner with another businessman to discuss a.
Sociologists Doing Research Chapter 2. Research Methods Ch. 2.1.
Chapter 1 Section 3 “Modern Perspectives”
Principles of Sociology SOC-201
Sociologists Doing Research Chapter 2. Research Methods Ch. 2.1.
©2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Types of Data  Primary – Facts and observations that researchers gather for the purposes of a study.  Secondary – Data.
+ Chapter 2 Sociologists Doing Research. + What is the goal of Sociological Research? To Test common sense assumptions Replace false ideas with facts.
Psychological Research Methods Psychology: Chapter 2, Section 2.
Research Methods. Conducting Research in the Social Sciences The purposes of the social sciences are: – To describe and explain the behaviour of individuals.
Sociological Research Methods
Building Reality: The Social Construction of Knowledge
CHAPTER 2 Research Methods in Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Happy Wednesday! You will have a little time to put your posters together.
Aim: How do sociologists do research?
Sociological Methods. Scientific Method  Sociologists use the scientific method to study society  Definition – systematic, organized series of steps.
 The key concept when looking at research methods is to determine the ways in which sociologist go about developing theories.  A theory is a general.
DOING SOCIOLOGY. How we study society Sociological Research Methods.
Sociology. Sociology is a science because it uses the same techniques as other sciences Explaining social phenomena is what sociological theory is all.
Chp. 2 – Sociological Research
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Sociological Research SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer 2.
SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN. RESEARCH AND THEORY Sociologists use the scientific method to examine society. We assume: Sociologists use the scientific.
Research Philosophies, Approaches and Strategies Levent Altinay.
SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. THREE WAYS OF DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH Positivist Sociology Interpretive Sociology Critical Sociology.
RESEARCHING THE SOCIAL WORLD George Ritzer Prepared by Rolande D. Dathis.
Sociologists Doing Research Chapter 2. Research Methods Sociologists attempt to ask the “why” and “how” questions and gather evidence which will help.
Chapter 2 Sociologists Doing Research. Research Methods Survey Research Survey – Research method in which people are asked to answer a series of questions.
Research in Sociology  Like all scientists, sociologists gain knowledge by doing research. They ask “how” and “why” and then they form a hypothesis 
Splash Screen.
Module 6: Major Research Designs
Researching the Social World
SOCIOLOGY: A Brief Introduction
Research Methods Lesson 1 choosing a research method types of data
Chapter 2 Sociological Research Methods
Starter Look at the photograph, As a sociologist, you want to study a particular group in school. In pairs think about the following questions… Which group.
Warm-up review Who was founder of sociology who divided it into two areas of study: social order and social change. What is the theory that focuses.
Sociological Research
Research Chapter 2.
SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS.
Research Methods The goal of sociological research is to test “common sense” assumptions and replace false ideas with facts and evidence. Sociologists.
Warm-up review Who was founder of sociology who divided it into two areas of study: social order and social change. What is the theory that focuses.
Social Research Methods
Sociological Research Methods
Sociology Chapter 2 Lesson 1 Research Methods
How Do We Know? Belief or Faith Expert Testimony Simple Agreement
Chapter 2 Sociologists Doing Research Section 1: Research Methods
Presentation transcript:

Major Research Designs How Sociologists Gather their Data

Doing Research in the Social Sciences Like all scientists, sociologists gain their knowledge by doing research. The goal of sociological research is to test common sense assumptions and replace false ideas with facts and evidence. Part of the sociological perspective is to ask “why” and “how” questions and then to form hypotheses to arrive at accurate understandings.

Doing Research Continued… Social scientists differ from other scientists in how they do their research. Unlike chemists, biologists, etc…, ethical and logistical issues make it difficult for sociologists to set up experiments in a laboratory.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research methods can be divided into two categories: ◦ Quantitative: uses numerical data  Examples - survey, pre-collected data, experiment ◦ Qualitative: relies on narrative, descriptive data  Examples – field research, case studies

Research Designs How to collect data Research Design = detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically Choice of research design will directly influence: ◦ the cost of the project ◦ the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research

Research Designs Research designs regularly used by sociologists: 1. Surveys 2. Secondary analysis 3. Experiments 4. Field research

1. Surveys Survey = a study (interview or questionnaire) that provides researchers with information about how people think and act Sociologists must care when preparing to conduct a survey ◦ Develop representative sample ◦ Carefully word the questions Most widely used research method among sociologists Ideal for large groups

The Interview Interview = Researcher obtains information through face-to-face or telephone questioning Can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request. A skilful interviewer can go beyond written questions and “probe” for a subject’s underlying feelings and reasons. The characteristics of the interviewer have an impact on the survey data (ie. Female interviewers get more feminist responses)

The questionnaire Questionnaire = Researchers uses a printed or written form to obtain information from a respondent. Advantage of being cheaper, especially in large samples

Effective Survey Questions Simple and clear enough for people to understand it Specific enough so that there are no problems in the interpretation of results Open-ended questions must be carefully phrased to solicit the type of information desired Questions are worded accurately and without bias

Examples of Questions

Sample Size Ideally a researcher who survey all those within a given population (group of people with certain specified characteristics) Sociologists, therefore, survey a sample of the population. Sociologists must take great care to choose a representative sample, one that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole. Random selection usually ensures a more representative sample.

2. Secondary Analysis Secondary Analysis = Pre-collected data or info someone else has gathered Examples: ◦ Government reports ◦ Company records ◦ Voting lists ◦ Prison records ◦ Reports of other sociologists ◦ Census data

3. Experiments Used when sociologists want to study a cause- and-effect relationship Experiment = an artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate the variables In the classical method of conducting an experiment, two groups of people are selected and matched for similar characteristics, such as age or education. Sociologists don’t often rely on this classic form of experiment because it generally involves manipulating human behaviour in an inappropriate manner.

Hawthorne Effect In some experiments the presence of a social scientist or other observer may affect the behaviour of people being studied. Experiment in 1920’s and 1930’s at Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company Researchers trying to determine how to improve the productivity of workers at the plant. Investigators manipulated such variables as lighting and working hours to see what impact changes in them had on productivity.

Hawthorne Effect continued… Found every step they took seemed to increase productivity. Even measures that seemed likely to have the opposite effect led to higher productivity. Workers’ behaviour was influenced by the greater attention being paid to them in the course of the research and by the novelty of being subjects of an experiment. Hawthorne effect = subjects who deviate from their typical behaviour because they realize that they are under observation

4. Field Research Field Research = research that takes place in a natural (non-laboratory) setting. Most popular approach to field research is the case study (intensive study of a single group, incident, or community). Assumes findings can be generalized from one group to another.

Participant Observation Participant observation = sociologist may actually join a group for a time to get an accurate sense of how it operates. Challenges: ◦ Sociologists must be able to fully understand what they are observing ◦ Must learn to see the world as the group sees it in order to fully comprehend the events taking place around them. ◦ Can’t allow the close associations or even friendships that inevitably develop to influence the subjects’ behaviour or the conclusions of the study

Theoretical Perspectives and Research Methods The research methods that researchers choose to employ in their study of social phenomena are informed and guided by the theoretical perspectives they hold. Functionalist – value neutrality and objectivity – prefer quantitative methods (surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis). Conflict – might employ historical analysis or engage in field research to uncover the hidden economic and political interests of a society; view their research as a basis for action and change Interactionist – field research/case studies/participant observation; goal of the researcher is to describe the meanings and to understand the definitions that people give to their own institutions Feminists – no single research method employed; guided by the common desire to bring about action and change through their research.