Max- Planck- Institut fuer extr. Physik and and Astrophysics Dept, University of Oxford
light year light year x km/s light year x km parsec) parsec) arcsec r r rad r r pc
pc 8.5 kpc 0.7 Mpc QSOs 3000 Mpc
x L
Charles Messier 1700s Herschel First General Catalogue Isaac Newton Telescope
Hubble
S Sa Sb Sc SBa SBb SBc
HST
Sa, Sb, Sc Sba, SBb, SBc
GALAXY NGC 4639 HST –WFPC2 NGC 1365
IrrI : Sc Irr II IrrI
NGC 2363 HST-WFPC2
Abell
kpc
Arp 273 : SW nuclear Starburst (LINER) NRAO
The Carthweel Galaxy (HST optical, near-infrared composite image)
Barnes & Hernquist :
Barnes & Hernquist
Monolithic Collapse) x
Hierarchical Model for Formation)
M. Steinmetz