C 12: Cross Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

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C 12: Cross Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads Hellenistic era as stage for Silk Road Boom? Why safe to travel now during the Classic Era? The Silk Road: 200 BCE – 300 CE

Products?

From East Asia: From South Asia: From Central Asia: Ginger, cinnamon, silk From South Asia: Pepper, sesame oil From Central Asia: Horses, jade From South East Asia: Clove, nutmeg, mace From the Mediterranean: Glassware, jewelry, Textiles, pottery

Effects of this Boom in Trade: Economic activities become more sophisticated and productive cultural exchange (art, language, religion)/ role of oasis towns spread of Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity Manichaeism (Best example of religious syncretism along Silk Road) spread of disease weakened Han and Roman empires in particular reduction in trade with collapse Manichaeism Elements of: Zoroastrianism (Zarathustra), Christianity (Jesus) and Buddhism (Buddha) Prophet Mani (216-272 CE): a prophet for all of humanity Dualism and cosmic struggle (strong rationale for presence of good and evil) Personal salvation Strong missionary component Ascetic lifestyle (no marriage, no sex, no alcohol) High ethical standards Manichaeism Priests (3rd – 7th CE)

Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity: 200 BCE -400 CE

Collapse of the Han Empire

Collapse of the Roman Empire

Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

Collapse of the Han Dynasty: Internal Decay and External Pressures Spread of Epidemic Disease Sets the Stage…… Internal Decay: Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Marriage alliances led to conflict Continued problem of land distribution disease Yellow Turban Uprising 184CE 200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms External Pressures: Immigration of northern nomads increases

Collapse of the Han Dynasty: Internal Decay and External Pressures Effects? sinicization of nomadic peoples (adoption of sedentary lifestyle, adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage rise in Buddhism and Daoism (Confucianism loses credibility: WHY?) disintegration into regional states

Collapse of the Roman Empire: Internal Decay and External Pressures Tetrarchs? Role of Constantine? Constantine r. 313-337 CE Barracks Emperors Epidemics Disintegration of Imperial Economy Regional Self Sufficiency favored Diocletian r. 284-305 CE

External Pressures: Nature of barbarian relationship with Roman Empire during times of stability? Visigoths sacked Rome 410CE Attila the Hun (Died 453CE) Germanic nomads Establish Germanic Emperor in 476 CE (Odovacer) Germanic invasions and the fall of the Western Roman empire: 450-476 CE

Effects? Roman Empire survives another 1000 years as the Byzantine Empire nomadic groups build successor states in the West Christianity survives Edict of Milan 313 CE? Constantine’s Conversion Council of Nicea 325 CE? (Consensus on doctrine) Emperor Theodosius proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire pope as spiritual leader of church in the West

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