The Market Revolution, APUSH – Mr. Hesen

Demographic Changes – Population By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union Population doubled every 25 years – Natural birthrates – Immigration – Urbanization

Irish Immigration (Old Immigration) – Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions die – Largest group of immigrants (1830s- 1860s) Two million immigrants – more here than Ireland Targets for discrimination – Poor – Catholic – Treated lower than African Americans

German Immigration (Old Immigration) – 1.5 million – – Largest group by the 20 th Century Uprooted farmers – moved to Midwest Abolitionists – strong Protestants Influential voters – better educated – Kindergarten – support for public schools – Beer – hurt temperance movement

English Immigration (Old) – Accounted for 20% of U.S. population ( ) – Many left b/c of tough economic issues – Many settled in Lowell, MA – textiles – Mining work was also popular – A lot less discrimination Many American still identified with GB

Nativism – Hatred of foreign-born persons – Main target: IRISH CATHOLICS – 1840s – “Know Nothing Party”

The Industrial Revolution – Economic Inventors stimulated growth Samuel Slater – “Father of Factory System” “Spinning Jenny” – Pawtucket Mill, RI

Eli Whitney

Sewing Machine

Telegraph

Textile Industry – U.S. imports down after Embargo Act – 1814 – Francis Lowell – first textile plant in MA Lowell factories made the entire textile NOT just parts Revolutionizes factory work – not at home

Lowell Girls – Farmer’s daughters hired to work in factories – Strength and independence – Strict moral supervision and mandatory church attendance – 1836 – first strike in U.S. history – Eventually water and steam replaced female labor – so did the German and Irish

How did MA become so industrialized? – Rocky soil discouraged farming – manufacturing more attractive – Large amount of labor available – Shipping seaports – easy imports and exports – Rapid river currents provided water power

Why didn’t the South industrialize? – Capital resources tied up in slavery – Local customers were poor – Most people couldn’t afford finished products

Transportation Revolution – Prime motive – East tapping the resources in the West – Significance: National market economy Regional specialization Westward expansion

Turnpikes – 1790 – first turnpike – Lancaster Turnpike in PA Connected Philly to Lancaster – Tolls collected – Significance: Turnpike building boom – 1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road) Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL Became vital highway to the West (600 miles) Cheaper to carry freight Westward expansion!

Conestoga Wagons

Pony Express

Steam Engine – Robert Fulton – NYC to Albany via Hudson River (500 miles) – Made trip in 32 hours – Significance: Rivers became navigable

Erie Canal (1825) – Upstate New York – 363-mile canal linked Great Lakes with Hudson River – Impact: Cheap transportation Shipping time reduced Land values skyrocketed Made NYC a major city Great Lakes region explodes Competition from the West against New England

Railroads – Most significant impact of transportation revolution – Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals First line: Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) – – 30,000 miles of track laid Opposition: canal builders, turnpike, builders

Northern Workers – Transformed working conditions and relations – Skilled workers were ousted and unskilled labor took over – Poor working conditions – Forbidden to form labor unions

Women and Children – Worked six days per week – Extremely low wages – Lowell Girls were supervised on and off job site – 1820 – ½ of labor was under the age of 10 Devastating effects from abuse

Gains for Workers – During Age of Jackson – workingmen had right to vote – Workingman’s parties – fought for higher wages and rights – Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – MA Supreme Court Labor unions legal as long as they are not violent

Western Farmers – Trans-Allegheny Region – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois – Breadbasket of the U.S. – Most produce sent down Mississippi River to Gulf

Inventions – John Deere and Cyrus McCormick – Changed West from subsistence to large-scale farming More debt Surpluses – New markets

Regional Specialization – East Industrial 1861 – owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity Most populous region – West Became nation’s breadbasket – grain and livestock – South Cotton exports to New England and Britain Slavery persisted Resist to changes No industry

Impact of Industrialization – Division of labor – specialized work – Growth of cities – 1860 – 25% – Increase in social stratification – rich v. poor – Immigration increases – Foreign commerce