Chapter 19(a) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 19(a) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–2 Figure 19.1: The periodic table.

Figure 19.2: The atomic radii of some atoms in picometers.

Figure 19.3: The structure of quartz, which has the empirical formula SiO 2.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–6

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–7

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–8 Figure 19.4: Lepidolite is composed mainly of lithium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, but it also contains significant amounts of rubidium and cesium.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–10

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–11

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–12 (left) Hydrogen gas being used to blow soap bubbles. (right) As the bubbles float upward, they are lighted using a candle on a long pole. The orange flame is due to the heat from the reaction of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air that excites sodium ions in the soap solution.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–13 Figure 19.5: The structure of ice, showing the hydrogen bonding.

Chapter 19(b) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A (cont’d)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–15

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–16 Calcium metal reacting with water to form bubbles of hydrogen gas.

Figure 19.6: (a) Solid BeCl 2 can be visualized as being formed from many BeCl 2 molecules, where lone pairs on the chlorine atoms are used to bond to the beryllium atoms in adjacent BeCl 2 molecules. (b) The extended structure of solid BeCl 2. (c) The ball-and-stick model of the extended structure.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–18

Figure 19.7: (a) A schematic representation of a typical cation- exchange resin. (b) and (c) When hard water is passed over the cation- exchange resin, the Ca2 + and Mg2 + bind to the resin.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–20

Gallium metal has such a low melting point (30ºC) that it melts from the heat of a hand.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–22 Figure 19.8: (a) The structure of B 2 H 6 with its two three- center B—H—B bridging bonds and four "normal" B—H bonds. (b) The structure of B 5 H 9. There are five "normal" B—H bonds to terminal hydrogens and four three-center bridging bonds around the base.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–23

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–24

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–25

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–26 Lead (II) oxide, known as litharge.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19a–27

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