Chapter 31: The Cold War The Cold War Begins

Balance of Power After WW2 Areas of Disagreement Eastern Europe US wanted it to be democratic USSR refused to allow free elections Set up pro Soviet regimes Greece Civil War led to introduction of Communism Great Britain provided assistance Financial problems led to Great Britain’s withdrawal

Balance of Power after WW2 The Truman Doctrine (1947) US would provide money to countries threatened by Communist expansion First countries to benefit were Greece and Turkey The Marshall Plan (1947) Economic recovery plan for Europe US provides Europe with $13 billion to aid rebuild Did not aid Soviet Union or Soviet Satellite nations USSR created COMECON to assist Eastern Europe Policy of Containment (1947) Stop the spread of communism Limit it to where it already exists

Balance of Power after WW2 Germany Divided into 4 occupied zones (US, France, GB, USSR) Berlin divided up in the same way West Germany (US, GB, France) East Germany (USSR) Berlin Airlift (1949) USSR tried to secure all of Berlin by isolating West Berlin US and GB begin to fly in and drop off supplies for 9 months 200,000 flights made (13,000 a day at one point)

Spread of the Cold War New Alliances Arms Race NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- 1949 Democratic countries Provide assistance to one another if attacked Warsaw Pact (1955) All Communist countries Countered NATO Arms Race Build up of nuclear weapons by US and USSR Deterrence Build up of nuclear weapons to avoid going to war 1957: Sputnik I launched (first satellite to go into space)

Spread of the Cold War Berlin Wall (1961) Designed to prevent East German citizens from fleeing into West Berlin to escape Communism 15 feet high; 100 miles long through and around West Berlin Covered in barbed wire with Machine gun towers protected the wall Anyone approaching it in East Berlin was shot on sight

Chapter 31: The Cold War China after World War 2 

Civil War in China Battle between Nationalists and Communists Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek (Ruling Party) Communists led by Mao Zedong Established in Northern China Controlled 20-30 million Army (People’s Liberation Army) 1 million soldiers

Civil War in China 1946 Attempts to form a coalition government between the two sides Failed miserably which led to war Communist Party was appealing to many groups Peasants in country because of land opportunities Middle class in cities didn’t like Chiang’s policies Nationalists troops switched sides 1948 Communists had taken control (October 1) All Nationalists supporters fled to Taiwan

Civil War in China Great Leap Forward 1955: Collectivization begins in China and industry nationalized Hope was for increased food production which never came 1958: Great Leap Forward Establishing communes out of 700,000 farms Each commune had 30,000 people Goal was economic growth through group work and a classless society Results Disaster Poor growing seasons led to starvation 15 million dead

Civil War in China 1966 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Hope to create working class culture Mao’s Little Red Book Manual for Communism Most important source of knowledge in China Red Guards Police squad designed to rid society of impure Targeted capitalists, old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits Turned to path of violence and destruction

China and the Cold War Became an enemy of democracy Showed they would support “national wars of liberation” US began to fear China when they got involved in Korean War China and Soviet Union although both Communist, did not truly get along enough to unite By 1970’s China began to improve relations with West

Chapter 31: The Cold War Cold War Conflicts

The US and the Soviet Union Creation of Proxy War US and USSR never directly fight Always fight other countries that are allies Always threatened nuclear war Both supported local wars for either communism or democracy US begins to show policy of Containment

The Korean War (1950-1953) Japan controlled Korea through WW2 Divided in half after war North of 38th Parallel belonged to USSR South of 38th Parallel belonged to USA Stalin supported North Korean troops invade South (6/25/50) US responds by sending in troops Goal was to unite the North and South portions in democracy China responds by sending troops in to aid North Korea After 3 years, armistice signed in 1953 Re-established the 38th parallel as boundary line North remains Communist and South remains Democartic

The Cuban Missile Crisis 1959 Fidel Castro stages revolution in Cuba Supported by USSR 1961 The Bay of Pigs Invasion CIA supports Cuban rebels Goal is to overthrow Castro In 4 days, all rebels had either died or surrendered 1962 USSR begins to place nuclear missiles in Cuba US had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey pointed towards USSR

The Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 USSR send more missiles to Cuba President Kennedy creates a blockade around Cuba Bought time for both sides to create peace Led to greater communication between the 2

The Vietnam War Beginnings French colonial rule vs. Ho Chi Minh (Communist Leader) Vietnam wanted its independence from French rule 1945: Ho Chi Minh and Communists seize power through elections Set up government in Hanoi (North) France maintained Saigon (South) 1954: France signs Geneva Peace Accords Divided Vietnam into two parts 1956: Joint elections to be held Goal was to unite the country Failed miserably

The Vietnam War The Domino Theory Anti-War Movement Idea that if one country falls to Communism, all neighboring countries will as well Validation for President Johnson to send in troops to Vietnam North Vietnam sends in more troops to South Anti-War Movement In US, growing number of troops sent leads to protest Results in morale and public opinion of war decrease Johnson criticized for decision making President Nixon replaces him and removes US 1973: Paris Peace Accords US withdraws forces By 1975, Communist control all of Vietnam