Academic Patenting in Sweden: New Evidence from the 2011 Database Evangelos Bourelos Maureen McKelvey

Swedish Data : 3 sets 2005: KEINS. Full analysis. List of academics => matching EPO. All positions, most all universities and technical/medical universities – 6 universities tend to patent – University invented completely diff uni-owned – Most all uni invented are assigned to firms 2009: MSc project. Analysis of the 6 unis that patented 2011: ESF. Full analysis. List of academics => matching EPO. All positions, same univ (minus 1) – Just finishing the database

Swedish ESF 2011 Creation: Continuation of Keins=>ESF The Data 27 Universities Employees Academics

Variables for all individual researchers Name Surname Year of Birthday, Birthday Address-Zip, City Rank, Position type University Discipline Faculty, Department, Devision , Phone (Personummer)

Matching this list with EPO Data Data- Retrieved from “DISCO” server -Clean characters From Swedish letters (Ä,Ö,Å) (Already done in EPO Data) -Split names to eliminate middle initials (Mats j. Andersson  Mats Andersson) -Match according to initials on surname and name (Mats Johansson  MAJO)

Matching Matching Initials  Combinations Calculate Similarity Scores Name, Surname, Address, Zip Code, City Total Similarity Score Left joint from Academic’s database to EPO data If 0 on right side, observation omitted

Filtering 1. (+) Pairs with SIMILARITY_TOT = 0; (Excluded SLU and UMU where address was missing) 2. (+) Verified inventors in 2005 and or 2009 database 3. (-) Minimum age to file a patent is set at 22 (to improve) 4. (-) Matches in disciplines with very small probability of patenting were excluded. Excluded: Humanities apart from linguistics, Social sciences apart from Business and Economics, applied psychology, media

Filtering Mutual 4. (+-) Similarity name= similarity surname=0 5. (+-) Same University 6. (+-) Uncommon name 7. (+-) Criteria 3, 4

Inventors by Year-Country Level YearUniversitiesAcademic Inventors

UNIVERSITYACADEMIC INVENTORSSHARE IN TOTAL %ACADEMIC EMPLOYEESAI/AE % UPPSALA UNIVERSITY ,29 KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE ,47 LUND UNIVERSITY ,22 CHALMERS UNIVERSITY ,23 KTH-ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,36 LINKOPING UNIVERSITY ,91 GOTHENBURG UNIVERSITY ,92 LULEA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,85 STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY ,12 UMEA UNIVERSITY ,57 MALMO UNIVERSITY ,42 MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY ,67 SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ,32 KARLSTAD UNIVERSITY ,87 BLEKINGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,49 OREBRO UNIVERSITY ,23 HALMSTAD UNIVERSITY ,66 JONKOPING ,86 MALARDALENS UNIVERSITY ,44 SKOVDE UNIVERSITY ,28 UNIVERISTY OF BORAS ,07 GAVLE UNIVERSITY ,19 Total932100% ,57

6 Top Universities

Distribution by Discipline

Number of Patents by field 1. Natural Sciences 2. Engineering and Technology 3. Medical and Health Sciences

Distribution by Rank

Age of Inventor Average inventor born 1960 UniversityYear of Birth KI1957 LIU1958 LU1957 UU1959

Some notes on Sweden Legal framework: Professor’s privilege Mainly university-invented. if TTO, likely Karolinska Still owned by companies, skewed to MNCs, plus TTO (Karolinska) but also SMEs and individuals Top patenting at: Comprehensive universities (Uppsala, Lund, Linköping) as well as specialised medicine (Karolinksa) and specialised engineering (KTH, Chalmers) From other research: These 6 have high science or publications (exemption of Linköping) and high R&D investment from firms (exemption of Uppsala) Only 38% by professors – important to include the personnel categories

Increasing-controlling for precision Manual check/contact for 404 inventors-not existing in previous databases. Using the co-inventors dimension for verification

Next step Cross sectional dataset 2005, 2011 Three level analysis -Individual Level Discipline Level University Level (potential for country level as well)

Thank you! Questions? Comments..