Acids and Bases

Salt Acid + Base  Salt + Water Orange juice + milk  bad taste Evergreen shrub + concrete  dead bush Under a pine tree + fertilizer  white powder HCl + NaOH  NaCl + HOH salt water

Acid-Base Neutralization Hydronium ion Hydroxide ion H3O+H3O+ OH - Water H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584

Acid-Base Neutralization Hydronium ion Hydroxide ionWater H3O+H3O+ OH - H2OH2O Water H2OH2O Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584

Neutralization Neutralization Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt (an ionic compound) and water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) baseacidsaltwater Some neutralization reactions: H 2 SO 4 (aq) + NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 +HOH sulfuric acidsodium hydroxidesodium sulfatewater HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + Ca(OH) 2 (aq) Ca(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 +HOH acetic acidcalcium hydroxidecalcium acetatewater

Neutralization ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O HC 2 H 3 O 2 + NaOH  NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O Salts can be neutral, acidic, or basic. Neutralization does not mean pH = 7. weak strong neutral basic Courtesy Christy Johannesson

Salts Salts Salts - Ionic compounds containing a positive ion other than the hydrogen ion and a negative ion other than the hydroxide ion. i.e., a metal and a non-metal Under what conditions do salts conduct current? NaCl(s) + H 2 O(l) Na 1+ (aq) + Cl 1- (aq) Formulas and names of common salts SALTFORMULACommon Name sodium chlorideNaCl(table) salt sodium nitrateNaNO 3 Chile saltpeter sodium bicarbonateNaHCO 3 baking soda potassium carbonateK 2 CO 3 potash ammonium chlorideNH 4 Clsal ammoniac NaCl

Salt Formation NaOH HCl strong base strong acid salt of a strong base and a strong acid NaCl NaOH HC 2 H 3 O 2 strong base weak acid salt of a strong base and a weak acid NaC2H3O2C2H3O2 Note: that in each case H-OH (water) is formed NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H 2 O NaOH + HC 2 H 3 O 2  NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O

Salt Formation NH 3 H 2 SO 4 weak base strong acid salt of a weak base and a strong acid (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NH 3 HC 2 H 3 O 2 weak base weak acid salt of a weak base and a weak acid NH 4 C2H3O2C2H3O2 Note: that in each case H-OH (water) is also formed NH 4 OH H 2 SO 4 NH 4 OH + H 2 SO 4  (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + H 2 O NH 4 OH + HC 2 H 3 O 2  NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O NH 4 OH

NH 3 H 2 SO 4 weak base strong acid salt of a weak base and a strong acid (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NH 4 OH H 2 SO 4 ammonium ion NH 4 + hydroxide ion OH NH 4 + OH sulfuric acid (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 HOH 1+ HOH 1+ sulfate ion 2 NH 4 OH + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO HOH water ammonium sulfate 2- H 2 SO 4 2 NH 4 OH + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO H 2 O

phosphoric acid ammonium hydroxide ammonium phosphate Reactions that produce salt acid + base salt +water H 3 PO 4 NH 4 OH (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 H2OH2O nitric acid magnesium hydroxide magnesium nitrate HNO 3 Mg(OH) 2 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 H2OH2O carbonic acid potassium hydroxide potassium carbonate H 2 CO 3 KOH K 2 CO 3 H2OH2O acetic acid aluminum hydroxide aluminum acetate HC 2 H 3 O 2 Al(OH) 3 Al(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 3 H2OH2O perchloric acid barium hydroxide barium perchlorate HClO 4 Ba(OH) 2 Ba(ClO 4 ) 2 H2OH2O + + and yieldsand water