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Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition Wet Acid Deposition Dry Acid Deposition

In the United States, coal burning power and industrial plants in the Ohio Valley emit the largest quantities of sulfur dioxide and other pollutants that can cause acid deposition. The typical precipitation in the Eastern United States has a pH of 4 – 4.8. More than 10 times the natural precipitation with a pH of 5.6.

Acid Deposition in the US

Acid Deposition - Plants, and Soil Fig p. 447 Nutrient Leaching Heavy Metal Release Heavy Metal Release Weakens Trees

Figure Page 447 Emission Acid deposition SO 2 H 2 O 2 PANs NO X O 3 Others Direct damage to leaves and bark Reduced photosyn thesis and growth Increased Susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, and disease organisms Soil acidification Leaching of Soil nutrients Acid Release of toxic metal icons Root damage Reduced nutrient and water uptake Tree death Groundwater Acid Deposition

Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems Fish Declines Aluminum Toxicity Acid Shock

9dZIjk Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish PBS NEWSHOUR

Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs

Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

Acid Deposition and Humans Respiratory Diseases Toxic Metal Leaching Damage to structures especially Damage to structures especially containing calcium carbonate containing calcium carbonate Decreased Visibility Decreased Productivity and profitability of fisheries, forests and farms of fisheries, forests and farms

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx (throat) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Right lung Bronchioles AsthmaBronchitisEmphysema Fibrosis/Lung Cancer

Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency Reduce coal use Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable resources Burn low-sulfur coal Remove SO 2 particulates, and No x from smokestack gases Remove No x from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO 2 Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Solutions Acid Deposition PreventionCleanup