Nationalism is a theory of political legitimacy, which requires that ethnic boundaries should not cut across political ones, and, in particular, that ethnic boundaries within a given state – a contingency already formally excluded by the principle in its general formulation – should not separate the power-holders from the rest. -Ernest Gellner

Discussion of the state may begin with Max Weber’s celebrated definition of it, as that agency within society which possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence… The state constitutes a highly distinctive and important elaboration of the social division of labour … the state is the specialization and concentration of order maintenance. -Ernest Gellner

Early 19 th Century Reactionism Mr. Edgar Hermosillo Heritage College-Ready Academy HS

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

LIBERALISM Characteristics Individuals entitled to seek their freedom in the face of tyranny. Humans have certain “natural rights” and governments should protect them (Locke). Rights are best guaranteed by a written constitution, with careful definition of the powers of gov’t (e.g. Declaration of Independence; Declaration of the Rights of Man) Republican (representative) form of gov’t. Economics: Most productive economy was one that allowed for the greatest measure of individual choice— “invisible hand” of the self-regulating market.

Nationalism Johann Gottfried Herder ( ): regarded as father of modern nationalism –Saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character—Volksgeist—evolving over many centuries. –No one culture is superior to another –His ideas led to the notion that every nation should be sovereign and contain all members of the same nationality. Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( ) –Considered by some as the “father” of German nationalism –Spoke of a German superiority over other peoples and criticized Jews

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Conservatism 4 Allied to the restored monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia, France, and England. 4 Support for conservatism:  Came from the traditional ruling class.  Also supported by the peasants. 4 Supported by Romantic writers, conservatives believed in order, society and the state, faith, and tradition.

Liberal Reform in Great Britain Reform Bill of 1832 –a milestone in British history –Spurred by cholera epidemic –People demanded a more responsive gov’t Increased number of voters from 6% of population to 12%. Response to 1830 French revolution Resulted in the supremacy of the House of Commons over the House of Lords in Parliament. Reforms in the 1830s in England gradually increased the powers of the non-aristocracy – rejected the violence urged by people such as the Chartists