concepts, historical overview Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship” Bratislava · 4 December 2009

1. Conceptual clarification > ORGANIZATIONS > SECTORS – Non-profit sector: US influence, widely used in the early transition. It excludes cooperatives on the ground that they can distribute profits to a certain extent. VARIOUS OVERLAPPING DEFINITIONS – Social economy: recent use, esp. In recently especially in Central European Countries. French influence and accepted at the EU level. – Third sector: mainly used in the scientific literature. – Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs): widely used in the region, it replaced the historically compromised concept of “social organization”. It refers to associations and voluntary organizations. – Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): very broad and widely used. Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009

CONCEPTS USED 1. Conceptual clarification Third sector = other than public and traditional for-profit organizations (e.g. associations, foundations, cooperatives) Social enterprise = new dynamic of both traditional (e.g. associations) and newly established organizations (e.g. public benefit companies, social cooperatives) Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009

Associations/Foundations increasingly engaged in the production of services Social Enterprise Co-operatives engaged in the production of general-interest services for non-members 1. Conceptual clarification Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009

Effectiveness and efficiency 2. Defining social enterprise Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009 WHY A SHARED “WORKING” DEFINTION?  Different organizational models and legal forms co-exist under that definition Impact (clarity of message) Research and learning It can be improved!

2. Defining social enterprise Institutional arrangement explicitly aimed at pursuing a social goal through the carrying out of economic activities in a stable and continuos way THE SOCIAL ENTERPRISE CONCEPT Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009 Ownership rights assigned to stakeholders other than investors (consumers, workers, donors, community) Profits gained bound to a distribution constraint Governance model promotes participation of stakeholders and democratic management

Social enterprises are autonomous private organizations providing goods or services with the explicit aim to benefit the community. They are limited in profit distribution and tend to involve various types of stakeholders in their governing bodies. 2. Defining social enterprise A WORKING DEFINITION OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISE Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009

3. The appearance of the notion of social enterprise UNITED STATES: SUPPORT PROVIDED BY FOUNDATIONS TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1990s - Harvard University: launching of the “Social Enterprise Initiative” (trainings, support) in 1993 and of the “Social Enterprise Knowledge Network” (SEKN) in 2001 (university network) 1980s - Bill Drayton & Ashoka to support the vocations of individuals having both the enthusiasm and the passion of entrepreneurs and the awareness of committed activists “Any business strategy or activity carried out by an NPO to generate income supporting its social mission” (Social Enterprise Alliance, 2002) “Any form of enterprise in the framework of an NPO, a business company or entities from the public sector, carrying out an activity with a significant social value or producing goods or services having by themselves a social aim” (SEKN) Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009  Partial confusion with “corporate social responsibility”

3. The appearance of the notion of social enterprise ITALY: SOCIAL ENTEPRISES AS “BOTTOM-UP” INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009  A “co-operative” (collective) conception of the social enterprise Withdrawal of the state from some social services Law of 1991 creating the legal form of “social solidarity co-operative” · A-type social co-operatives: social services co-operatives · B-type social co-operatives: work integration social co-operatives End of 2004: 7,100 social co-operatives with 223,000 jobs (of which 24,000 work integration jobs in B-type social co-operatives) and mobilising 31,000 voluntary workers. Launching of the “Impresa Sociale” journal in 1990 Power of large co-operative federations

3. The appearance of the notion of social enterprise Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009 THE UK: A TOP-DOWN INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT VIA THE CREATION OF QUASI-MARKETS CONSUMERISM as solution to fill the gap in the provision of social services ( compulsory competitive tendering and the contracting out of services to a plurality of providers)  Increase in public expenditure, low quality of services, and worsening of working conditions From 2002 on: tools of the British government strategy: “Social Enterprise Unit”, training programmes, “Social Enterprise Coalition”, evaluation reports, etc.  For 88% of social enterprises, more than 50% of their resources originate in the sale of goods and services  ± 15,000 social enterprises registered as “companies with limited guarantee” or as “industrial and provident societies” (no “charities”)  A more “market- oriented” approach to SE

3. The appearance of the notion of social enterprise Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009 The PERSE Project on the socio-economic performance of social enterprises in the field of work-integration ( ). · European overview of WISEs The EMES Project on the emergence of social enterprise in Europe ( ). Proposal of a European approach to the social enterprise European overview of social enterprises Study on Promoting the Role of Social Enterprises in the CEE and CIS ( ). · Overview of social enterprise in 13 CEE and CIS countries and 3 in-depth analyses · Working definition of social enterprise adapted for transition economies WISE Project, WISEs as tools for promoting inclusion ( ). · Guidelines for the support of WISEs at the EU level EMES: THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISE IN EUROPE

Regional Workshop: “Strengthening the Sustainability of Community-based Development through Social Entrepreneurship”, Bratislava · 4 December 2009 For a historical overview and a comparative discussion on conceptions of social enterprise, see: “Social enterprise in Europe: Recent trends and developments” (2008) by Jacques Defourny and Marthe Nyssens, EMES Working Paper n. 08/01 (downloadable at “Social enterprise: An international overview of its conceptual evolution and legal implementation” (2009) by Giulia Galera and Carlo Borzaga, Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 210 –228.