Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries. VRestore the old monarchies that were lost. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries. VRestore the old monarchies that were lost. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation VIndemnities VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation VIndemnities eCoalition forces occupied France for 3-5 years. eDidn’t want to treat France too harshly. eCoalition forces occupied France for 3-5 years. eDidn’t want to treat France too harshly.

VJune, Final decision VTerritorial Adjustments- VPrussia got 40% of Saxony VRussian tsar became Poland’s king V39 State German Confederation formed, with Austria & Prussia being dominant VRussia got Finland VSweden retained Norway VNetherlands got Austrian Netherlands VEngland got colonies around the world Changes Made at Vienna

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna  Criticized for ignoring liberalism and nationalism movements, leading to 30 years of continuous revolutions  Not until the unification of Germany in was the balance of power upset. Collective security remained!  Not until World War I (1914) did Europe have another general war.

The “Concert” of Europe System Established  The principle of collective security was established.  Goal: to define and monitor the status quo.  The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle [1816]  The Congress of Troppau [1820]  The Congress of Verona [1822]

Congress of Verona

What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

The Ism’s CONSERVATISM - –keeps the status quo….mainly the monarchist and landed aristocrats NATIONALISM - –a sense of belonging to a nation based on a common culture, language, history, religion, custom, etc LIBERALISM - –love of personal liberties, equality and human rights; believed in republican governments (though not in universal suffrage). Mainly the middle class landowners REPUBLICANISM- –Mainly working class whose calling for equality and universal suffrage. Early stages of socialism

19 c Conservatism  Conservatism is a reaction to the frightening violence of the French Revolution.  Early conservatism wanted the restored monarchies.  Support came from the traditional ruling class and Romantic writers.  Conservatives believed in order, society and the state, faith, and tradition.

Characteristics of Conservatism  Stability & longevity, not progress and change, mark a good society.  The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history.  They rejected the “social contract” theory.  Conservatives believed that self-interests do not lead to social harmony, but to social conflict.  Denounced individualism, natural rights and Enlightenment.  To conservatives, society was hierarchical.

19 th Century Nationalism  Most explosive!  Origin comes from the French Revolution  Based on cultural revival and celebrating traditions  Mainly found in Germany, Italy and Austria (Eastern Europe)  Leads to Unification of Italy, Germany and Pan Slavism Liberalism  Based on the Enlightenment and French Revolution  Mainly the middle class, who wanted a republican form of government, not a full democracy  Believed in laissez faire and capitalism, religious toleration, property and individual rights  Utilitarianism is good!

19 th Century Republicanism  Radicals that embraced the early part of the French Revolution  Mainly working class and intellects wanting equality and universal male suffrage  Opposed organized religion, monarchies and aristocracy  Some republics will start Socialism Socialism  Wanted social and economic equality  Believed in shared production property to meet societies needs…no private ownership  MORE TO COME….