Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis (Combination) reaction Decomposition reaction A Single-replacement reaction B Double-replacement reaction Neutralization reaction Combustion reaction (of a hydrocarbon) A + B  AB AB  A + B A + BC  AC + B AB + CD  AD + CB HX + BOH  BX + HOH CH + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O A use activity series to predictactivity series B driving force…water, gas, or precipitate Polymerization Polymer = monomer + monomer + …

Synthesis Reaction Direct combination reaction (Synthesis) General form: A + B  AB element orelement or compoundcompound Na + Cl - Na ClNa Cl Na + Cl - 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl

Synthesis Reactions CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 + O 2 H 2 O Na + Cl 2 NaCl 66 6 Photosynthesis Formation of water Formation of salt A + B C General Form

H H H H Decomposition Reaction H H H H O Decomposition reaction 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 O2O2 General form: ABAB compoundtwo or more elements or compounds OO O

H 2 O H 2 + O 2 electricity Decomposition Reactions H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 NI 3 N 2 + I Hydrogen Peroxide Electrolysis of water 22 Nitrogen triiodide AB A + B General Form 2 3

Single and Double Replacement Reactions Double-replacement reaction CaCO HCl  CaCl 2 + H 2 CO 3 General form: AB + CD  AD + CB Single-replacement reaction Mg + CuSO 4  MgSO 4 + Cu General form: A + BC  AC + B

Ca Activity Series Foiled again – Aluminum loses to Calcium Element Reactivity Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H 2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Halogen Reactivity F 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 Printable Version of Activity Series Printable Version of Activity Series

Single-Replacement Reactions FeCl 2 + Cu MgBr 2 + Cl 2 “Magic blue-earth” Zinc in nitric acid 2 A + BC AC + B General Form Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 Can Fe replace Cu? Yes Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H 2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au F 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 Can Zn replace H? Yes Can Br replace Cl? No NO REACTION Fe + CuCl 2 Zn + HNO 3 MgCl 2 + Br 2 Activity Series

Mg + AlCl 3 Al + MgCl 2 Predict if these reactions will occur Al + MgCl 2 Can magnesium replace aluminum? Activity Series YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum Can aluminum replace magnesium? Activity Series NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium. Therefore, no reaction will occur. No reaction MgCl 2 + Al No reaction The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart? metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal. Order of reactants DOES NOT determine how they react.

Double Replacement Reaction K 2 CO 3 (aq) Potassium carbonate BaCl 2 (aq) Barium chloride 2 KCl (aq) Potassium chloride BaCO 3 (s) Barium carbonate ++

Potassium reacts with Water P O W !

Formation of a solid: AgCl AgNO 3 (aq) + KCl(aq)  KNO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. PbI 2 K 1+ Pb 2+ lead (II) chloride + potassium iodide Cl 2 I Pb 2+ Pb K 1+ K Cl 1- I 1- Cl 1- I 1- KCl potassium chloride lead (II) iodide + (aq) (ppt) + +

TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER aluminum sssnsnissisd ammonium sssssssssss barium ssisisssiid calcium ssissssssi d copper (II) ssisiinsisi iron (II) ssisnissisi iron (III) ssnsiinsissd lead sssi ii siii magnesium ssississisd mercury (I) ssiii nisi i mercury (II) sssis iisidi potassium sssssssssss silver ssiii nisi i sodium sssssssssss zinc ssississisi acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate sulfide Legend s = solid aq = aqueous d = decomposes n = not isolated

Solubility Rules 1. Most nitrates are soluble. 2.Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH 4 +, are soluble. 3.Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag +, Pb 2+ and Hg Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO 4, PbSO 4, Hg 2 SO 4, and CaSO 4. 5.Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH) 2, Sr(OH) 2, and Ca(OH) 2 are only slightly soluble. 6.Most sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are only slightly soluble.

H2OH2O KOH + HNO 3 KNO 3 + H 2 O H K NO 3 OH H K How would you prepare potassium nitrate (using a double replacement reaction)? KNO 3 _________ + + Ca(NO 3 ) 2 Both potassium nitrate and calcium chloride are soluble (no driving force – no reaction!) H2OH2O formation of water is a driving force. potassium nitrate Combine a potassium hydroxide solution with nitric acid to yield soluble potassium nitrate. The water could then be removed by distillation to recover solid potassium nitrate. _________ Ca(NO 3 ) 2 KNO 3 Ca(OH) 2 KOH KOH(aq) + HNO 3 (aq) KNO 3 (aq) + ?

FeCO 3 Na 1+ Fe 2+ iron (II) chloride + sodium carbonate Cl 2 Using a SOLUBILITY TABLE: sodium chloride is soluble iron (II) carbonate is insoluble CO 3 Fe 2+ Fe Na 1+ Na 2 Cl 1- CO 3 2- Cl 1- CO 3 2- NaCl sodium chloride iron (II) carbonate + (aq) (ppt) 2 FeCl 2 Na 2 CO 3 NaCl FeCO 3 (aq) (ppt) ++ Predict if a reaction will occur when you combine aqueous solutions of iron (II) chloride with aqueous sodium carbonate solution. If the reaction does occur, write a balanced chemical equation showing it. (be sure to include phase notation) (aq) Balanced chemical equation Complete Ionic Equation Fe 2+ (aq) + 2Cl 1- (aq) + 2Na 1+ (aq) + CO 3 2- (aq) 2Na 1+ (aq) + 2Cl 1- (aq) + FeCO 3 (s)

Write a balanced chemical equation for the following combustion reactions: A. C 5 H 12 B. C 22 H 46 C. C 15 H 28 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O