Standard 14: HUMAN ACTIONS MODIFY THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Just about every human action has some physical or environmental impact – positive and/or negative; intended and/or unintended Lavender Copper Mine Pit in Bisbee, AZ

Society and Environment Whether it’s mining an ore; or cultivating farmland; or razing a desert to build a sub-division; or delaying legislation that would lead to more stringent regulations on CO2 emissions; or building a light rail for mass transit; humans’ actions and technologies have had a great impact on the natural environment.

HUMAN ACTIONS MODIFY THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT There are consequences and costs, merits and drawbacks, when the natural world is modified. They might be political, societal (like health), or economic reasons. For example, a mine may be an important part of a town’s or state’s revenue while it is booming, like the Lavender Mine that we saw in the first slide in this unit, but once the ore is depleted, the economy falters. What to do next to reinvigorate an old town? In the case of Bisbee, Arizona, where the Lavender Mine is located, the town became an artsy tourist town, as seen below, and in 2005, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named Bisbee one of America’s Dozen Distinctive Destinations.

Human adaptation to and modification of physical systems are influenced by the geographic context in which people live, their understanding of that context, and their technological ability and inclination to modify the physical environment. To survive people depend on the physical environment. They adapt to it and modify it to suit their changing needs for things such as food, clothing, water, shelter, energy, and recreational facilities. In meeting their needs, they bring knowledge and technology to bear on physical systems. Consequently, humans have altered the balance of nature in ways that have brought economic prosperity to some areas and created environmental dilemmas and crises in others.

Human Impact on the Environment Clearing land for settlement, mining, & agriculture provides homes and livelihoods for some but alters physical systems & transforms human populations, wildlife, & vegetation. By-products, such as garbage, air & water pollution, hazardous waste, or overburden and waste from strip mining are unavoidable. In addition, they place enormous demands on the capacity of physical systems to absorb & accommodate them. How much solid waste, toxic waste, air and water pollution can Earth’s ecosystems absorb before gasping their final breath and collapsing?

Intended and Unintended Impacts on Physical Systems Vary in scope and scale They can be: –Local and small-scale (e.g., like acid stream pollution in eastern Pennsylvania), –Regional and medium-scale (e.g., an urban heat island with its microclimatic effects in Chicago), –Global and large—scale (e.g., the clearing of the forests of North America for agriculture or the depletion of the ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons).

Asthma, the most common chronic disease in children and the primary cause of missed school days, is responsible for more than 14 million missed days per year. In 1980, that figure was 6.6 million days. Work absences due to asthma attacks have increased as well, from 6.2 million days in 1982 to 14 million days in If current rates continue, the country will have 29 million people with asthma by the year Source: The Department of Health and Human Services in a report by: Human Impact on the Environment & Implications on Human Health & Well-Being

Standard 9: Wrap-Up Understanding global interdependence begins with an understanding of global dependence-the modification of Earth’s surface to meet human needs. When successful, the relationship between people and the physical environment is adaptive; when the modifications are excessive the relationship is maladaptive. Increasingly, students will be required to make decisions about relationships between human needs and the physical environment. They will need to be able to understand the opportunities and limitations presented by geographical contexts and to set those contexts within the local to global continuum.

By Elizabeth Larson, PhD Lecturer, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, 2011