+ Chapter 13 Pre-reading & Vocab & Post Reading

+ PRE-READING QUESTIONS

+ Match these words with the definitions: Pollute: Pollution: A pollutant: A substance that is produced by factories, cars, etc., and makes air, water, or soil etc. dangerously dirty Make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty and not good enough for people to use The process of making something dangerously dirty and not good enough for people to use

+ How many different kinds of pollution can you name? Are any of them a problem in Ankara?

+ The topic of this chapter is pollution. Look at this photo. What kind of pollution will it focus on?

+ PRE-READING VOCABULARY

+ choking (choke) verb: unable to breathe because there is not enough air

+ a scooter noun: a small motorcycle

+ a tuk-tuk noun: (in Thailand) a three-wheeled motorized vehicle used as a taxi.

+ a snowmobile noun: a motor vehicle which travels over snow

+ exhaust noun: the gas produced by a working machine

+ spread the word verb: tell others the news

+ a grant noun: an amount of money given for a particular purpose

+ FAST READING Read the text quickly. You have 4 minutes!

+ Fast Reading Work in pairs. Put the topics of each paragraph in order. ______ The opinion of Mr. Santiago ______ Introducing Envirofit ______ Reducing pollution with saving money and fuel ______ Mayor Ortega’s solution ______ Retrofitting the 2-stroke engine ______ The problem in San Fernando City, Philippines ______ Information on the 2-stroke engine ______ Pollution, an international problem

+ TARGET VOCABULARY

+ vehicle noun: a thing used for transporting people or goods, such as a car, truck, or train. Busses are public transportation vehicles.

+ estimate verb: guess I estimate that I can finish my project in one week.

+ engine noun: the parts of vehicles or machines that produce power to make them move There is a strange noise coming from the engine.

+ harm noun: causes trouble or injury Carbondioxide does a lot of harm to the environment.

+ interest noun: money that you pay for the use of someone else’s money (like a loan from the bank) If you pay your credit card bill on time, you won’t pay an interest.

+ loan noun: borrowed money A mortgage is a loan you get from a bank so you can buy a house or an apartment.

+ maintain verb: keep something in good condition; take care (of it) My dad maintains his car very well.

+ decrease noun: less than before; opposite of an increase There is a decrease in the traffic. There are less cars now. 

+ meanwhile adverb: at the same time I was writing my project. Meanwhile, my sister was watching TV.

+ competition noun: race, a situation in which people or groups try to beat each other to win something Who won first place in the chess competition?

+ fuel noun: the supply of energy to a motor or engine Gasoline is one kind of fuel.

+ passenger noun: people who are traveling in a car, bus, plane, etc., but are not driving it First-class passengers on an airplane have more comfortable seats.

+ income noun: the money we earn by working If you want to increase your income, you can change your job.

+ association noun: a group of people organized for common purpose UNICEF is an association that helps poor children.

+ border noun: a line separating two political or geographical areas, especially countries You must show your passport if you want to cross the border.

+ CAREFUL READING Ask about any word or sentence you don’t understand.

+ READING RACE

+ Reading Race-Directions: For this game,  You will work in groups.  You will answer comprehension, vocabulary & reading skills questions.  Before you answer, you need to agree with your teammates.  The team with the most points win.

+ Comprehension Are these sentences True or False?

+ 1. Two stroke engines cause major air pollution. _______

+ 1. Two stroke engines cause major air pollution. True

+ 2. Four-stroke engines cause twice as much pollution as two-strokes. _______

+ 2. Four-stroke engines cause twice as much pollution as two-strokes. False

+ 3. Two-stroke engines are cheaper than four stroke engines. ________

+ 3. Two-stroke engines are cheaper than four stroke engines. True

+ 4. You can fix a two-stroke, so it causes less pollution. _______

+ 4. You can fix a two-stroke, so it causes less pollution. True

+ 5. The taxi drivers who tried the kits were very happy with them. _______

+ 5. The taxi drivers who tried the kits were very happy with them. True

+ 6. Two-stroke engines are used only in the Philippines. _______

+ 6. Two-stroke engines are used only in the Philippines. False

+ Vocabulary- I Complete these sentences about the reading using the target vocabulary

+ 7. Things that are used to carry people and goods from one place to another—like cars, scooters, busses, and trucks— are called __________.

+ 7. Things that are used to carry people and goods from one place to another—like cars, scooters, busses, and trucks— are called vehicles.

+ 8. The world Health organization cannot know exactly how many people die from air- pollution, but they__________ 2 million a year.

+ 8. The world Health organization cannot know exactly how many people die from air- pollution, but they estimate 2 million a year.

+ 9. Two-stroke engines are worse for air quality than four-stroke engines. They do more __________.

+ 9. Two-stroke engines are worse for air quality than four-stroke engines. They do more harm.

+ 10. People in San Fernando City got money to buy new four-stroke vehicles. Over time, they had to pay the money back. It was not a gift— it was a __________.

+ 10. People in San Fernando City got money to buy new four-stroke vehicles. Over time, they had to pay the money back. It was not a gift— it was a loan.

+ 12. Unfortunately, the loans did not result in fewer two-stroke-engine vehicles. The loans did not lead to a __________ in two-strokes.

+ 12. Unfortunately, the loans did not result in fewer two-stroke-engine vehicles. The loans did not lead to a decrease in two-strokes.

+ 13. Two things were happening at the same time. People in San Fernando City were dealing with air pollution from two-strokes. ____________, a team of U.S. college students was developing a clean two-stroke engine.

+ 13. Two things were happening at the same time. People in San Fernando City were dealing with air pollution from two-strokes. Meanwhile, a team of U.S. college students was developing a clean two-stroke engine.

+ 14. The taxi drivers’ three-wheeled motorbikes burn gasoline to produce energy. Gasoline is one kind of __________. Others are wood, gas, and coal.

+ 14. The taxi drivers’ three-wheeled motorbikes burn gasoline to produce energy. Gasoline is one kind of fuel. Others are wood, gas, and coal.

+ 15. The Envirofit retrofit kit helped the Philippine taxi drivers earn more money. They were able to increase their __________.

+ 15. The Envirofit retrofit kit helped the Philippine taxi drivers earn more money. They were able to increase their income.

+ 16. Rolando Santiago is the leader of a taxi drivers’ group. He is the president of their __________.

+ 16. Rolando Santiago is the leader of a taxi drivers’ group. He is the president of their association.

+ 17. Air pollution doesn’t care about the lines that divide one country from another. Air pollution does not respect __________.

+ 17. Air pollution doesn’t care about the lines that divide one country from another. Air pollution does not respect borders.

+ Vocabulary-II Find the target word for each definition.

+ 18. The parts of vehicles or machines that produce power to make them move = __________

+ 18. The parts of vehicles or machines that produce power to make them move = engines

+ 19. Money that you pay for the use of someone else’s money (like a bank’s) = __________

+ 19. Money that you pay for the use of someone else’s money (like a bank’s) = interest

+ 20. keep something in good condition = __________

+ 20. keep something in good condition = maintain

+ 21. a situation in which people or groups try to beat each other to win something = __________

+ 21. a situation in which people or groups try to beat each other to win something = competition

+ 22. People who are travelling in a car, bus, plane, etc., but are not driving it = __________

+ 22. People who are travelling in a car, bus, plane, etc., but are not driving it = passengers

+ Reading Skills Choose the correct one. 23. Which statement best describes the writer’s point of view? 1. The writer thinks you have to pay people if you want them to stop polluting., 2. The writer thinks people everywhere should know and care about air pollution in Asia. 3. The writer thinks competitions are the way to find solutions to our problems with pollution.

+ Reading Skills 24. Complete the chart with information from the reading. ProblemSolutions TriedResults Bad air quality– pollution from two-stroke engines ?

+ Reading Skills 24.Complete the chart with information from the reading. ProblemSolutions TriedResults Bad air quality– pollution from two- stroke engines 1. Offering loans to help people replace their two- stroke engines with four- stroke engines ?

+ Reading Skills 25. Complete the chart with information from the reading. ProblemSolutions TriedResults Bad air quality– pollution from two- stroke engines 1. Offering loans to help people replace their two- stroke engines with four- stroke engines Some changed their vehicles, but many sold old two-strokes to other people (no decrease in two- strokes and pollution) ?

+ Reading Skills 26. Complete the chart with information from the reading. ProblemSolutions TriedResults Bad air quality– pollution from two- stroke engines 1. Offering loans to help people replace their two- stroke engines with four- stroke engines Some changed their vehicles, but many sold old two-strokes to other people (no decrease in two- strokes and pollution) 2. Giving taxi drivers kits to retrofit their two-stroke engines to be cleaner and more fuel efficient. ?

+ Reading Skills 27.Complete the chart with information from the reading. ProblemSolutions TriedResults Bad air quality– pollution from two- stroke engines 1. Offering loans to help people replace their two- stroke engines with four- stroke engines Some changed their vehicles, but many sold old two-strokes to other people (no decrease in two- strokes and pollution) 2. Giving taxi drivers kits to retrofit their two-stroke engines to be cleaner and more fuel efficient. The test was a success: less pollution and savings in fuel costs

+ Reading Skills 28. Complete each sentence about the reading. The World Health Organization estimates that _________ people die each year because ______________.

+ Reading Skills 28. Complete each sentence about the reading. The World Health Organization estimates that two million people die each year because of air pollution.

+ Reading Skills 29. Complete each sentence about the reading. San Fernando City had a bad problem with air pollution because _____________________.

+ Reading Skills 29. Complete each sentence about the reading. San Fernando City had a bad problem with air pollution because many people were driving vehicles with two-stroke engines.

+ Reading Skills 30. Complete each sentence about the reading. Two-stroke engines are worse than four- stroke engines because _________________.

+ Reading Skills 30. Complete each sentence about the reading. Two-stroke engines are worse than four- stroke engines because they cause more air pollution.

+ THE END