Making of Pakistan: Movement for Freedom Historical Perspective Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism

Historical Perspective The death of Aurangzeb (1707)and Fall of Muslim Community Rise of East India Company( EIC) after Aurangzeb Decline of Muslims Power under later Mughals

Battle of Plassey(1757) Lost of Siraj-ud-daullah by East India Company under Lord Clive Grant of Diwani(1765) From then to 1858 British captured all areas of the subcontinent and created an Empire of the East India Company.

Before 1857 event( i.e. War of Independence -- also called the Mutiny by the British), there had been insurgency and warrior movements against the foreign invaders in the subcontinent led by Syed Ahmad Shaheed with his associates beginning from the first quarter of the 19th century, in his idealism of Jihad against infidel rule in the subcontinent.

1857aftermath opened a new era for the Muslims of the subcontinent: Appearance of Muslims as Muslim Community ( Millat-e-Islamia) Socio-Econ decline of Muslim Community Social/Econ rise of Hindus

4. Increasing influence of British in British Imperialism along with the Hindu Community partnership 5. Hindus Development of negative attitude towards Muslims with hatred looking at them through history, taking them as their absolute rulers for about past 1000 years.

6. Emerging modernization among Hindu culture e. g 6. Emerging modernization among Hindu culture e.g. Raja Ram Maham Roy, Abolition of Sati

Advent of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and his endeavor in renovating the Muslims community competing Hindu emerging modernization. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan opened a new chapter through new teaching:

Education (Islam and western) vernacular and English Science and technology Keeping away from politics Harmony among Muslims, Hindus and British

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Died in 1898 Prior to that Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885. Charter Act of 1813, 1833 and 1853 were adopted for British social, solitical and administrative influence on Indian society Indian Council Acts of 1862 and 1892 had been adopted.

These changes brought a new political setup in the mind of the Hindu community of the subcontinent which were itself new idea and vision for them (Hindus).