Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties in termites

Termites body fluid pH 10 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) pH 7.3 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) Simulates conditions of the gut Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains no bacteria, no protozoa. A. nigerT. kanei

Termites body fluid pH 10 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) pH 7.3 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) Simulates conditions of the gut Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains no bacteria, no protozoa. A. nigerT. kanei

w/ extract (0.45um)w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (Not filtered) Control (PBS) Set B:

T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Insignificant), Extract (0.45um): (Insignificant) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Insignificant), Extract (0.45um): (Insignificant)

w/ extract (0.45um) w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (Not filtered) Control (PBS) Set A:

T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Significant)

Termites body fluid pH 10 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) pH 7.3 PBS Extract (not filtered) Extract (0.8um) Extract (0.45um) Simulates conditions of the gut Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains no bacteria, no protozoa. A. nigerT. kanei

w/ extract (0.45um)w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (Not filtered)Control (PBS) Set B:

T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Insignificant) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Insignificant)

w/ extract (0.45um)w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (Not filtered)Control (PBS) Set B:

T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Significant) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): (Significant), Extract (0.8um): (Significant)

Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Bacteria, other small micro- organisms What we can conclude from this graph: 1.Protozoa has greater anti-fungal properties against A. niger as compared to bacteria. 2.Termites in PBS pH 7.3 has greater anti-fungal properties against A. niger as compared to termites in PBS pH 10. Conclusion: Protozoa in the hemolymph has the greatest anti-fungal properties against A.niger.

What we can conclude from this graph: 1.Bacteria has greater anti-fungal properties against T. kanei as compared to protozoa. 2.Termites in PBS pH 7.3 has slightly greater anti-fungal properties against T. kanei as compared to termites in PBS pH 10. Conclusion: Bacteria in the hemolymph has the greatest anti-fungal properties against T. kanei Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Bacteria, other small micro- organisms Bacteria, other small micro- organisms

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties ExtractionFiltering Anti-fungal assay Application BeforeApplyingAfter

Materials Potato dextrose agar (PDA) Spray bottle Extract of body fluids of termites Before (Control): 1. Place a PDA plate in front of an air-conditioner for 15 min 2. Switch on the air-conditioner to collect any spores 3. Allow fungus to grow for three days.

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties ExtractionFiltering Anti-fungal assay Application BeforeApplyingAfter

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties ExtractionFiltering Anti-fungal assay Application BeforeApplyingAfter

1. Pour the extracted body fluids into a spray bottle 2. Switch off the air-conditioner. 3. Open the vents. 4. Spray 8 times (3 sprays uses up 0.5 ml) at 8 different points, spread out evenly between each spray. 5. Leave the treated air-conditioner off for 1 day to allow for reaction.

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties ExtractionFiltering Anti-fungal assay Application BeforeApplyingAfter

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties ExtractionFiltering Anti-fungal assay Application BeforeApplyingAfter

1. Place 8 PDA plates in front of the air-conditioner at respective locations for 15 minutes 2. Switch on the air-conditioner to collect the fungus 3. Allow fungus to grow for three days 4. Observe for reduction of mould growth at the end of the three days

Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties in termites

Before treatmentAfter treatment Frequently used air-con in SRC

Rarely used air-con in SRC Before treatmentAfter treatment

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