Lecture 12 Tense and Aspect (II)

Teaching Contents  12.1 Uses of present perfective (progressive)  12.2 Uses of past perfective (progressive)  12.3 More on the use of perfective aspect

 The perfective aspect can combine with the two tenses, forming present perfective and past perfetive, which can again combine with the progressive aspect, resulting in present perfective progressive and past perfective progressive.  12.1 Uses of present perfective (progressive)  1) Present perfective

 It has two chief uses: “finished” uses and “unfinished” use.  The finished use refers to the present result of a past event still operative at the present moment.  The unfinished uses denotes that an action or state extends over a period lasting up to the present moment, possibly extending into the future as well.

 The difference between them is the fact that in the unfinished use, the present perfective is commonly accompanied by an adverbial expressing duration, but no such accompanying adverbial is present in the finished use.  e.g. He’s turned off the light.  He’s lived here since 1960.

 2) Present perfective progressive  Its use has much in common with the unfinished use of the present perfective.  e.g. We’ve been living here for ten years.  We’ve lived here for ten years.  However, there are cases where these two forms are not interchangeable in that the present perfective progressive has also the meanings of continuousness, temporariness and incompleteness.

 e.g. Who’s been eating my dinner? (Some of it is left.)  Who’s eaten my dinner? (It’s all gone.)

 3) Contrast between present perfective (progressive) and simple past  The present perfective (progressive) has some connection with the present. If an action happened in the past and has no connection with the present, it will have to be expressed by the simple past or the past progressive  e.g. His sister has been an invalid all her life. (She is still alive.)  His sister was an invalid all her life. (She is now dead.)

 have been to / gone to  He has gone to New York.  他此时已到纽约或在去纽约的路上。总之，此刻 他不在出发地。因此， have gone 不能表示习惯 意义，不能加 often, twice, frequently 等状语。 一般也不能用于第一人称和第二人称。  e.g. *I have gone to New York.  He has been to New York. 他去过纽约已经回 来了。至少是去过一次，也许是多次。因此，可 以加 twice, five times, before, in the past 等状 语。  e.g. He has only been there two or three times.  Have you been to New York before?

 have done with  可以作 “ 干完、不再干 ” ，也可作 “ 停止、停止 来往 ” 解。  I have done with painting. 我不再搞绘画了。  Have done with all this nonsense. 不要再 说这些废话了。  You are too dishonest. I’ve done with you. 你太不老实了。我和你断绝关系。

 12.2 Uses of past perfective (progressive)  1) Past perfective  It has two chief uses: finished and unfinished uses, only with time reference back-shifted to a specified past moment. In the finished use, it denotes an action or state already in completion before a specified past, and in its unfinished uses, an action or state extends over a period up to a past moment and possibly into the future in the past.

 e.g. I had written the article when he came.  By six o’clock they had worked twelve hours.  2) Past perfective progressive  It is similar to the present perfective progressive, only with time reference back-shifted to a specified past. It has something in common with the past perfective, though it is more frequently used, especially in the colloquial speech.

 3) Past perfective in sentences with when-/before-/after-/until- clauses  e.g. When I reached the station, the train had already left.  He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat.  We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.

 4) Imaginary use of past perfective  a) in clauses introduced by if, if only, as if to denote a hypothetical condition, a wish not likely to be fulfilled or a state contrary to the past fact:  e.g. If only you had told me before.  b) in that-clause following “I wish”, “I’d rather”  e.g. I would rather you had told her the truth.

 c) in superordinate clause where the past perfective is associated with such verbs as expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose to denote a past wish or intention which was not realized.  12.3 More on the use of perfective aspect

 1) Perfective aspect and since-clause  The perfective aspect is often accompanied by a since-phrase or a since-clause to denote a continuous state or activity from a point in past time until now. The verb in the since-clause is commonly the simple past of a dynamic verb denoting non-continuous activity. If the main or superordinate clause is in the form of “It be + complement (denoting a time span ) + since- clause”, the verb be in the main clause may occur in the simple present in place of the present perfective

 e.g It’s three months since he wrote to me.  Sometimes, however, the verb in the since- clause may be the simple past of a dynamic verb of continuous activity or that of a stative verb, in which case the time span denoted by the since-clause is different from the ordinary case, generally referring to the end or completion of that continuous activity or state.

 If we use this kind of verb in the since- clause and mean to say that the continuous activity or state extends up to the present moment, we will have to use the present perfective instead of the simple past.  e.g. He has written to me frequently since I was ill. (I’m not ill now.)  He has written to me frequently since I have been ill. (I’m still ill now.)

 2)Perfective aspect vs. have got/have got to  The perfective aspect of get is have got, but in colloquial speech (esp. in Br.E), have got can also be used in the sense of possession just like the main verb have. This should not be confused with the perfective aspect of the verb get.  The construction “have got to” has nothing to do with the perfective aspect of the verb get. The negative form “haven’t got to” is commonly used in the sense of have to. Have got to cannot collocate with auxiliaries.

 have got vs. have  have got 在形式上是现在完成时，但是在内容上 却是现在时，在口语中常常代替 have 、 possess 。但是主要用于表静态的场合。  e.g. He hasn’t got enough money. 表拥有  Have you got any sisters? 表关系  用法上还有区别：  have got 表现在情况，而 have 表反复的或习惯 性的情况。  e.g. Have you got a cold now?  I often have colds.

 Have 既表动态，也表静态；  而 have got 只能表静态。  Does she have coffee with her breakfast?  *Has she got coffee with her breakfast ？  Had she got her baby at the clinic?  她和她的婴儿一起在诊所。  Did she have her baby at the clinic?  她是在诊所分娩的吗？

 have got to / have to  1) 可以用二者代替将来时：  e.g. I’ve got to see the dentist tomorrow.  This is a lovely, but we’ve got to go.  2) 二者基本相同： have to 强调重复性，后者强 调责任、义务。在美国英语中，否定句和疑问句 里一般不用 got ：  e.g. I don’t usually have to work on Sundays.  I’ve got to get up early tomorrow – we’re going to Jinan.

 3) Perfective aspect in “It is the first time + that-clause”  It is/will be the first time + that-clause (+ present perfective verb)  It was the first time + that-clause (+ past perfective verb, occasionally the simple past)