The Media and Politics Politics in the Age of Mass Media

Mass Media  Print Media  Radio  Television  New Media Internet Social Media

Print Media  1690 first newspaper published in colonies  Partisan Press (Federalists/Anti-federalists)  Penny Press (1833)  Yellow Journalism (Turn of the 20 th Century) Hearst & Pulitzer Oversimplification  Muckraking ( 1920s) Exposing misconduct Manufacturing news

Radio  Early twentieth Century  Center of the home  FDR Fire side chats.  Talk Radio 1980s

Television  1939 Introduced at Worlds Fair In most homes by 1960s  1963 Television Network News 15 minutes per day (2 networks 30 minutes) By 1980s 30 minutes 3X day Today 24/7 News Networks CNN, CSPAN, FoxNews Foreign media Al-jezeera, BBC

Television in Politics  Presidential Commercials 1952  Presidential Televised Debates 1960

New Media  Internet 1980s  World Wide Web 1989 Web News Presence  Social Media Twitter Facebook

Media and Elections  Politicians and media have a symbiotic relationship  Media focus on conflict and negative advertisements  Media focus on frontrunners and the horserace  Campaigns focus on spin and soundbites

Media and Politics  Theories of Media and Politics Patterson Sabato Zaller  Media and Elections Debates Conventions Ads

Patterson’s Out of Order  Trends in media coverage of elections 1.Tone of coverage  Positive to negative 2.Style  Descriptive to interpretive 3.Issues  Policy issues to reporters’ issues

Patterson’s Out of Order Consequences 1.Tone of coverage  Positive to negative Consequence: Voters distrust candidates, government, media 2.Style  Descriptive to interpretive Consequence: Voters less informed 3.Issues  Policy issues to reporters’ issues Consequence: Voters adopt media frames/primes

Sabato’s Feeding Frenzy  Lapdog journalism ( )  Reporting that served and reinforced the political establishment.  Watchdog ( )  Scrutinized and checked the behavior of political elites by undertaking independent investigations into statements made by public officials.  Junkyard dog (1974 to present)  Reporting that is often and harsh, aggressive intrusive, where feeding frenzies flourish and gossip reaches print.

Causes of the Feeding Frenzy  Advances in media technology  Competitive pressure  Political events

Zaller’s Theory of Media Politics  Theory of campaign coverage needs to take into account the different interests of voters, media, and candidates 1.Voters: "Don’t waste my time"; "Tell me only what I need to know" 2.Candidates: Use journalists to "Get Our Story Out" 3.Journalists: Maximize their "voice" in the news

Media and Elections: Debates  1960: First Televised Debate  1984: Reagan’s Age "I will not make age an issue in this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience."  “You’re no Jack Kennedy”  Death Penalty  Price of milk?  Gore (sighing)

Media and Elections: Conventions  In the past, party conventions were much more important  Today, they are media events Nothing new happens Scripted events, speeches  Today, conventions usually give candidates a positive bump in the “horserace” These bumps are short-lived

Media and Elections: Ads  Political advertising: positive vs. negative Positive advertising Seek to define yourself before your opponent does it for you Negative advertising Does it work?  Yes  Voters remember negative ads longer than positive ads  Negative ads provide information to voters

1964 – Daisy SpotDaisy Spot 1988 – Willie HortonWillie Horton MeatballMeatball